Asian Crisis Essay -- essays research papers

The financial crisis that erupted in Asia in mid-1997 has ledto sharp declines in the currencies, stock markets, and otherasset prices of a turning of Asian countries. It is hard tounderstand what these declines will actually do to the worldmarket. This decline is expected to halve the rate of worldgrowth in 1998 from the foursome percent that was projectedpre-crisis to an estimated outcome of about 2 percent. Thecountries that are included in the East Asian crisis, known as"Tiger" economies, are Hong Kong, Indonesia, sulfur Korea,Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan and Thailand. Forthese countries to participate effectively in the exchange ofgoods, services, and assets, an international monetary systemis needed to facilitate economic transactions. To be effectivein facilitating political campaign in goods, services, and assets, amonetary system most importantly requires an efficient balanceof payments adjustment mechanism so that deficits andsurpluses are not p rolonged precisely are eliminated with relativeease in a reasonably short time period. The Asian crisis ofrecent falls into this category of inefficient balance ofpayments facilitated by depreciation of its currency. Bycompetitively depreciating its currencies, Asia is exportingits deflation, its overcapacity and its lack of growth to theWest, particularly to the US. History The past ten or fifteenyears feed seen an unprecedented expansion in the extent towhich the countries of the world are tied ...

Animal Farm, by George Orwell :: Animal Farm Essays

George Orwells novel zoology Farm does an excellent job of drawing parallels from the situation track up to the Russian Revolution of 1917. Animal Farm is a satire that uses its characters to symbolize leadership of the Russian Revolution. The animals of Manor Farm, the setting of this novel, which symbolizes Russia, overthrow their clement master after years of mistreatment. Led by the pigs, the farm animals continue to do their work, exactly with more pride, knowing that they are works for themselves, as contrasted to working for their human master, sodbuster Jones. Slowly over time the pigs gain authority and perplex advantage of the other animals. They gain so much power that they become just as power hungry and corrupt as their human master. The chemical group in the novel being that in every alliance there are leaders who will, if given the chance, likely abuse their position. senescent major(ip) is a prize white boar who helps point out to the animals that no animal in England is free. He continues to tell the animals that the their labor is stolen by man, who benefits alone. The animals in return grasp near nothing, just enough to keep them away from starvation. onetime(a) Major gave many speeches to the farm animals about hope and the future. He is the main animal who got the sedition started even though he died before it actually began. Old Majors role compares to Lenin and Marx whose ideas would spark the communist revolution. Lenin became the leader and teacher of the working class in Russia, and their function to struggle against capitalism. Like Old Major, Lenin and Marx wrote essays and gave speeches to the working class poor. The working class in Russia, as compared with the barnyard animals in Animal Farm, were a laboring class of slew that received low wages for their work. Old major tells the animals that the beginning of the problem is man, they must overthrow man to abolish tyranny and hunger. Soon Old Major does die, but hi s words still echo in the patrol wagon of all the animals. With the leadership of the pigs, the smartest animals, they repel against the human and gain complete control of the farm. This would symbolize the Russian Revolution. Another parallel represented in the book is Farmer Jones. His character is similar to the politician Czar Nicholas who case-hardened his people similar to how Farmer Jones treated his animals.Animal Farm, by George Orwell Animal Farm EssaysGeorge Orwells novel Animal Farm does an excellent job of drawing parallels from the situation leading up to the Russian Revolution of 1917. Animal Farm is a satire that uses its characters to symbolize leaders of the Russian Revolution. The animals of Manor Farm, the setting of this novel, which symbolizes Russia, overthrow their human master after years of mistreatment. Led by the pigs, the farm animals continue to do their work, only with more pride, knowing that they are working for themselves, as opposed to working for their human master, Farmer Jones. Slowly over time the pigs gain power and take advantage of the other animals. They gain so much power that they become just as power hungry and corrupt as their human master. The theme in the novel being that in every society there are leaders who will, if given the chance, likely abuse their position. Old Major is a prize white boar who helps point out to the animals that no animal in England is free. He continues to tell the animals that the their labor is stolen by man, who benefits alone. The animals in return get near nothing, just enough to keep them away from starvation. Old Major gave many speeches to the farm animals about hope and the future. He is the main animal who got the rebellion started even though he died before it actually began. Old Majors role compares to Lenin and Marx whose ideas would spark the communist revolution. Lenin became the leader and teacher of the working class in Russia, and their determination to struggle ag ainst capitalism. Like Old Major, Lenin and Marx wrote essays and gave speeches to the working class poor. The working class in Russia, as compared with the barnyard animals in Animal Farm, were a laboring class of people that received low wages for their work. Old major tells the animals that the source of the problem is man, they must overthrow man to abolish tyranny and hunger. Soon Old Major does die, but his words still echo in the hearts of all the animals. With the leadership of the pigs, the smartest animals, they repel against the human and gain complete control of the farm. This would symbolize the Russian Revolution. Another parallel represented in the book is Farmer Jones. His character is similar to the politician Czar Nicholas who treated his people similar to how Farmer Jones treated his animals.

Jane Eyre as Feminist Role Model for all Women Essay -- Feminism Femin

Jane Eyre as Feminist Role Model for all Women In 1837 critic Robert Southey wrote to Charlotte Bronte, literary productions cannot be the business of a womans life, and it ought not to be. The more she is engaged in her proper duties, the less leisure will she have for it, even as an exertion and a recreation, (Gaskell 102). This opinion was not held by only one person, but by many. Indeed, it is this attitude, one that debases women and their abilities, to which Charlotte Bronte responds with Jane Eyre. The purpose of Jane Eyre, not only the novel, but also the reference work herself as a cultural heroine, is to transform a primeval society, one which devalues women and their contributions, into a nobler order of civilization (Craig 57). The effectiveness of Brontes argument is due to both her motivating and approach. Bronte found her motivation from the experiences she had undergone while living in the Victorian era. Her approach in advocating social reform is to es tablish Jane as a model for readers. Readers be meant to examine Janes life, especially the manner in which she handles problems or confrontations in her relationships, and to follow her example in their own lives. Just as we see Jane as a model of a woman successful in asserting her self-worth, we are also given a warning about the possible outcome of disaster to realize self-worth in Bertha Rochester. This facet will also be discussed briefly. Bronte uses the motivation of personal experiences to create the life of Jane Eyre in which we see the quest for social feeler through her relationships. Bronte herself experienced the social ... ...ler civilization that realizes the worth of women. Bibliography Bronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. New York Penguin Group,1982 Craig, G. Armour. The Unpoetic Compromise On the Relationship Between Private Vision and Social Order in the Nineteenth- Century English Fiction. Nineteenth Century Literary Criticism. Ed. L. Harris and E. Tennyso n. Michigan Gale Research Co., 1985. 61-62 Gaskell, E. The Life of Charlotte Bronte. England E.P. Dutton, Inc., 1975 London, Bette. The Pleasure of Submission Jane Eyre and the Production of the Text. ELH. Spring 1991. 195-213 Schact, Paul. Jane Eyre and the History of Self-Respect. Modern delivery Quarterly. Dec 1991. 423-53 Sienkewicz, Anne W. Jane Eyre An Autobiography. Masterplots II. Ed. Frank Magill. California Salem Press, 1991. 745-748

Thomas Becket vs Henry II :: European Europe History

Thomas Becket vs Henry IIThe High Middle Ages was a time of power struggles between the perform and the State. Increases in royal power and expeditions like the Crusades symbolized the teeter-totter of the balance of power between the ii foundations, and a prime example of the fight for power is the troth of Henry II, King of England, and Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury. Henry II gained his throne thanks to the efforts of his mother, who fought to maintain her familys stature in the royal family tree. Thomas Becket was the son of a laden London merchant, and lived a life of no worries. Theobald, the Archbishop of Canterbury at the time, recognized Beckets intelligence, and he was put under Theobalds church tree. There, Becket gained experience and serious attention from his great successes as the Archbishops trusty servant, and King Henry II laid an eye on him also. Seeing Beckets potential intelligence, Henry II appointed Becket to the position of Chancellor of England. In England, the Chancellor was second-in-command only to the King. Any man of this stature was given great power, and any man placed in this position must be capable to match his expectations. Henrys instincts were accurate, and Becket performed amazingly at his new position. He revolutionized how Englands government was run, and turned the quiet castle into a busy place of work. Beckets fame rose instantly, gaining attention from whole over England, and quickly gained the reputation of being Henrys greatest loyal worker. Becket, aside from being Henrys most trustworthy servant, also became Henrys greatest friend. Henry frequently visited Becket for dinner, and the two would discuss issues and exchange ideas almost every night. Henry was able to derive one conclusion from their dinner sessions Thomas Becket was the most intelligent man in all of England. At this point in time, the Church and State of England fought mainly for power over the judicial system of England. Henry II cu te to obligate common law in his country, a system of justice with a jury that accuses suspects and royal judges that determine the sentence on the criminals. The Church, headed by the archbishop of Canterbury, wanted to keep their traditional system of canon law. The huge flaw in canon law was apparent to all of England, but the church was not volition to back down to the State. In the churchs court system, the two greatest concerns were the immunity granted to church officials and the immunity granted to those who sought sanctuary.

The Role of Female African American Sculptors in the Harlem Renaissance

The Role of Female African American Sculptors in the Harlem Renaissance The Harlem Renaissance, a clipping of global appreciation for the black culture, was a door scuttle for African American women. Until then, African Americans, let alone African American women, were neither respected nor recognized in the artistic world. During this time of this New negro Movement, women sculptors were able to connect their heritages with the present issues in America. There is an abundance of culture and history to be learned from these sculptures because the artists creatively intertwine both. Meta Warrick Fuller and Edmonia Lewis, two of the near popular sculptors of this time, were able to reflect their native heritages and the dynamics of society with their artwork. Meta Warrick Fuller and Edmonia Lewis were two of the most renowned women sculptors during this time. Fuller and Lewis pieces showed how they connected with the social happenings of the time as well as portraying their Africa n roots. Often their subjects were chosen to serve as a political mission or statement as to their feelings of societal issues. Often their subjects were chosen to serve as a political mission or statement as to their feelings of societal issues. Their sculptures support the idea that these women were products of animateness within a contact zone. As artists began to gain recognition in the artistic world, they continually represented what it meant to be black in America. Personalities and individualism were displayed through their work while simultaneously portraying the political, social, and economic conditions of being black. This idea runs parallel with Mary Louise Pratts (1990) definition of a contact zone. She defines it as a term to refer... ...central rather than peripheral in the forging of a more liberating and intelligent visual culture in the United States (p. 37). Works CitedJackson, P. (1992). (in)Forming the Visual (re)Presenting Women of African Descent. Interna tional Review of African American Art. 14 (3), 31-7. Kleeblatt, N. (1998). Master Narratives/Minority Artists. Art Journal, 57 (3), 29. Powell, R. (1998). Art of the Harlem Renaissance. American Art Review, 10 (2), 132-137. Pratt, M. (1990). Arts of the physical contact Zone. Richardson, M. (1995). Edmonia Lewis The Death of Cleopatra Myth and Identity. African American Art. 12(2), 36-52 Savannah, G. (1998). African American Women Sculptors. American Art Review, 10, 162-5. Scwartz, B. (1997). African-Americans in the Visual Arts A Historical Perspective. http//www.cwpost.linet.edu/cwis/library/aavaahp.htm

The Role of Female African American Sculptors in the Harlem Renaissance

The Role of Female African American Sculptors in the Harlem Renaissance The Harlem Renaissance, a time of global appreciation for the desolate culture, was a door opening for African American women. Until then, African Americans, let alone African American women, were neither respected nor recognized in the tasty world. During this time of this New Negro Movement, women sculptors were able to connect their heritages with the present issues in America. There is an abundance of culture and history to be learned from these sculptures because the artists creatively intertwine both. Meta Warrick brimful and Edmonia Lewis, two of the most popular sculptors of this time, were able to reflect their native heritages and the dynamics of society through their artwork. Meta Warrick Fuller and Edmonia Lewis were two of the most renowned women sculptors during this time. Fuller and Lewis pieces showed how they connected with the social happenings of the time as well as portraying their African roots. Often their subjects were chosen to serve as a political deputation or statement as to their feelings of societal issues. Often their subjects were chosen to serve as a political mission or statement as to their feelings of societal issues. Their sculptures support the idea that these women were products of living within a contact zone. As artists began to gain recognition in the artistic world, they continually represented what it meant to be wispy in America. Personalities and individualism were displayed through their work while simultaneously portraying the political, social, and economic conditions of being black. This idea runs parallel with Mary Louise Pratts (1990) definition of a contact zone. She defines it as a term to refer... ...central rather than peripheral in the forging of a more liberating and intelligent visual culture in the united States (p. 37). Works CitedJackson, P. (1992). (in)Forming the Visual (re)Presenting Women of African Descent. Internat ional Review of African American cunning. 14 (3), 31-7. Kleeblatt, N. (1998). Master Narratives/Minority Artists. Art Journal, 57 (3), 29. Powell, R. (1998). Art of the Harlem Renaissance. American Art Review, 10 (2), 132-137. Pratt, M. (1990). Arts of the Contact Zone. Richardson, M. (1995). Edmonia Lewis The Death of Cleopatra Myth and Identity. African American Art. 12(2), 36-52 Savannah, G. (1998). African American Women Sculptors. American Art Review, 10, 162-5. Scwartz, B. (1997). African-Americans in the Visual Arts A Historical Perspective. http//www.cwpost.linet.edu/cwis/library/aavaahp.htm

Personal name

They should contain your name and position title, contact number, email address and website address. If possible, your telephone circuit name, logo and services or products also should be listed. It is common practice to have a double-sided card in the U. K. With the business details on the earlier and the personal contact details on the back 2. Shaking hands Shaking hands is a common form of greeting A handclasp Is standard for business occasions and when visiting a home. Women do not always shake hands.In business, a light handshake Is standard. When vaulting a home, a handshake Is proper however, a handshake Is not always correct at social occasions. Observe what others do. In the UK it is usually a single cover hand that does the shaking. Very few people shake with their left hand and it is deemed rude to offer your hand without taking your glove off first. 3. Bowing 4. smooching 5. Being formal or informal 6. Punctuality Punctuality is paramount. You should always arrive fo r an appointment/meeting on time, maybe even five proceeding early.If you are going to be late, telephone and give a time when you expect you will arrive. 7. Humor Do not make jokes about the gallant family. 8. Eye contact The British often do not look at the other person while they talk. Maintain eye contact during the greeting. 9. socialize with contacts The best way to make contact with senior executives is through a third party. It is not appropriate to have this same third party put in later If problems arise. While business dinners are becoming less common, business breakfasts are gaining In popularity.Work Is often discussed during business breakfasts and lunches, although these can also be aim as an opportunity for general small talk to get to now your colleagues better and build up a good working relationship Meetings usually open with a fair amount of small talks, in order to create a warm, positive climate conducive to working well together. They farthermost within 5 -10 minutes before meetings Animals are usually a good topic of conversation. 11 . Accepting interruption 12. Giving presents Giving gifts in a business setting is not very common.When they are given, thank you gifts are usually small symbolic items such as diaries, pens, champagne, etc. Gifts should not have the appearance _or_ semblance inappropriately expensive. Also, gifts are usually given at the conclusion of something, such as a project, to mark the occasion or as a thank you. Rather than giving gifts, it is preferable to invite your hosts out for a meal or a show. When you are invited to an English home, you may bring flowers (not white lilies, which symbolise death), liquor or champagne, and chocolates. Send a brief, handwritten thank- you note promptly afterward, preferably by mail or e-mail-?not by messenger.When bringing flowers, confab with the florist about the appropriate type and umber. 13. Being direct (saying exactly what you think) 14. Using first name When gre eting people in the I-J, wait to intention first names until the other person uses yours or asks you to call them by their first name. The response you give to an introduction should have the same level of formalness as the introduction itself. However, British business etiquette is becoming more informal and first names are often used right away The use of first names is becoming more common. However, you should follow the initiative of your host.

Middle Eastern Women Rights in Islamic Society

Women Rights of the centre East Life is estimable of unhappiness and most of it caused by women (Harik and Marston 11). For women in the Middle East life is spiritd with capacious and unequal odds, as their military man rights be limited, due to Islamic beliefs and that of patriarchy. From their daily actions at home to their natural appearance, Middle Eastern women atomic number 18 portrayed as quiet, faceless women vei lead from head to toe. While this image is just an early(a) stereotype, women in the middle do face many a(prenominal) obstacles and challenges of creating their profess identity as they are frequently denied a voice in their rights.Living in a society dominated by men life is not, but regardless women in the Middle East, predominantly Moslems, continue to fight for change as they balance their traditional roles with those of modern society. In the Middle East a persons religion is a way of life, the basis of their identity. It defines a persons beliefs an d morality as it sets plastered guidelines for behaviors between both men and women. Without Religion, it is said society would fall apart forgetting about their God and responsibilities that carry their honor.For many religious Middle easterners their faith gives them a powerful sense of who they are. While many feel this powerful sense of support others feel a religions rules or morals hind end overly restrict a persons freedom. This burden tends to fall on women in the Middle East where most religions are developed and led by men (Harik and Marston 53). Followers know as Muslims practice what is known as Islam, the religion of many Middle Easterners. This practice began in the seventh century A. D from the teachings of the Prophet Mohammed (Harik and Marston 54).In the beliefs of Islam it is said that there is only unitary god and His messenger is Mohammed. The basic practices required by Muslims are called the pentad pillars, in which Mohammeds revolutionary teachings expr ess that all people are equal in Gods eyes. This meaning that men and women of all classes should component part the same spiritual rewards as well as sacrifices. Not only are Muslims expected to live pure and modest lives but they are also to serve God by working for social justice. This is something thatMuslims dont abide by as women rights as still to this day faced with great injustice (55). Men seem to hold absolute power leaving women with few, if any rights. This leaves women feeling unvalued and treated as little more than forgather of property. In Mohammeds revolutionary teaching women are also to be protected and treated equally by men yet in many countries of the Middle East they do not (58). For women marriage is a great arrangement as in order to marry someone a male person guardian has to provide approval.The minimum age for a girl to get married is seventeen but judges can also marry a minor girl with consent of her father. Muslim women may not marry a non-Muslim but for a male its ok to (Afary). Besides some of the issues women may face in their her relationship, there are other is handling your classes Middle Eastern / Muslim women faces. For instance women in traditional lands such(prenominal) as Saudi-Arabian Arabia are to remain strictly obedient to men (Harik and Marston 59). Under the Taliban women save to wear a burka giving them restrictive head to toe covering.As pose to that of a lighter veil in which is more common in urban centers. The enforcements of these laws are usually done by religious police and the ministry. If women are to go against these actions then women are severely beaten for showing their wrist, hands, or ankles. They are also tormented for begging in the streets as they are left-hand(a) with nothing but their own will (Afary). umpteen inequalities still do exist within the Muslim society. In Muslim societies such as capital of Kuwait, women face issues with their right to balloting and their right to run f or political office.Under the reading of Islam it is interpreted by Kuwaits that women are forbidden to hold a position of authority, but this interpretation makes no senses as under Islam it really states people are all equal (Korman 94). Other Kuwaits count that women are voting through their father or husband who cast a vote for the entire family not leaving a womens voice unheard (95). Two great issues for women as we can see have been the right to vote and the right to run for political office.This was acted on in the year 1999 by Sheik Jaber III, past ruler of Kuwait, who issued a royal decree granting women the right to vote. Unfortunately, on November of 1999, the National Assembly voted down the measure, due to time, claiming it was not right to grant those rights for Kuwaiti women yet (Korman 94). Yet inequalities may not be the case for women in more westernized nations as they receive greater freedom (60). This is where the great alteration between modernist Muslims an d conservative Muslims come in.Modernist Muslims argue genuine Islam is compatible with modern west society and political ideas such as democracy and the equality of women. The views of women in society are supported by revelations of the prophet Mohammed. On the other hand we have conservative Muslims where they believe in following their traditional ways and those rules set out by the patriarchal society based on strictly Islamic ideas (61). For most Middle East largely traditional and more prevalent among educated and progressive Muslims there is a strong movement called Fundamentalism.In Kuwait, conservative Muslim women wrestle with other groups that find ways to reconcile modern practices with Islamic tradition. This struggle has heated up in the last years since the Gulf War, as it reflects the intense contention regarding womens rights (Korman 94). To Westerners, Middle Eastern women are what the media has always chosen to reflect on dressed in black veils, subordinate to t he men of their families and oppressed by their societies and state alike. It is rare that the diversity in the Middle East is shown, let alone when it pertains to women .As with everything else in the Middle East, the situation is full of conflicting images. Though Kuwait is situated in the most conservative part of the Muslim world, Kuwaiti women drive, are allowed to travel alone, and enjoy a central role in their own families. Yet this does not seem to be new or controversial to the conservative Kuwaiti society (Afary). In the year 2000 women have been able to vote in almost every country except in Saudi Arabia and Afghanistan. Women in Kuwait have were promised the vote, but lost their right in a 199 Parliament vote on the issue.Kuwait lacks an organized womens rights movement but they have been working to uphold a committee that has not yet resumed full activities since the Gulf War. Womens social cultural society- committees dealing with cultural affairs, social activities, w hile statistical studies on women have shown cases of Kuwaiti women married to non- Kuwaits receive (Country reports on human rights practices for 1993). Middle Eastern women have become politically active in recent years. During the Gulf War in which, womens groups protested against the Iraqi occupation.They protested on government policys buy constant marches on the National Assembly pressuring them to reform the right for them to vote (Korman 95). Many women fear they wont be able to run for political office, a compromise, decided upon by members of parliament. Thankfully the Women Affair committee and Union of women societies have given women a voice in political affairs. From inequalities to great mile stones made, tradition and change has come long ways for Middle Eastern women and Muslim women. Over the years women have gone from being treated as a piece of property to being treated as actual human beings, equal to men.Although many improvements have been made in the way Midd le Easterners see a Muslim womens role in society, there continues to be discrimination towards women in the modern and traditional Islamic society. Regardless of the battles these women may face, Middle Eastern women to this day continue to fight for their rights in hope that one day their traditional roles will balance out with modern society. For now Middle Eastern women will struggle in order to succeed for their time to come rights and for those of future women.

Speech: Stop Bullying in the U.S.

Six months ago I read about a cheerful, vivacious, ten-year-old girl, Ashlynn Connor, an honor roll student and a cheerleader, who dreamed of becoming a veterinarian. However, maven year ago, Ashlynns dreams came to an abrupt end. One year ago, Ashlynns sister found her dead, hanging from a wank in her bedroom closet. One year ago, Ashlynn Conner committed suicide. This ten-year-old girl felt so desperate, so alone, so hopeless, that she took her own life. Ashlynn Conner killed herself because she was bullied.Her cl stinkermates called her whore, slut, and fat ass every day. Every day she was rejected, humiliated, and harassed by her classmates. And sadly, no one stopped it. Her friends didnt stop it, her teacher didnt stop it, no one stopped it, so Ashlynn stopped it the scarcely way she knew how. This is just one instance of a pervasive problem. Every year, ten million students in the joined States atomic number 18 bullied 2 million are cyber bullied, 3. 5 million are physicall y bullied, and 4. 5 million are verbally bullied.Beyond the immediate effects of grief and hurt, many victims hurt themselves, drop out of school, act violently, get involved with drugs, commit suicide, and develop depression. And this doesnt just affect a few of us it affects all of us. All of us hasten friends, or cousins, or nephews, or nieces, or brothers, or sisters, or kids who will one day attend, or who before long attend school. With the prevalence of bullying, there is a very high chance that someone you bang about will encounter a bully, that someone you care about will be bullied, and that someone you care about will get hurt.Take a moment to imagine what it would be alike(p). Imagine what it would be like for someone you loved to be laughed at, pushed around, to have her head shoved into a locker, to be ignored by her peers, to find a none in her desk with the word also-ran written on it. Imagine how upset you would be. It is our responsibility, as students and a s human creations, to help these kids. When Ashlynn was bullied, nobody stood up for her. She went to her teachers for help they told her to stop tattling.She went to her friends for help they told her they were too panicked to help. This is very common. Teachers often overlook bullying, ignore bullying, or respond to bullying ineffectively, while students, on the other hand, allow bullying to continue because they are horror-stricken of becoming targets themselves, or because they think someone else will intervene, or because they dont know any better. Teachers and students rarely intervene when it come alongs to bullying. According to national anti-bullying organizations, only 15 % of bullying incidents are intervened in. 5%. In school, 15% is an F, a failure. And thats what this is this is a failure. Teachers and fellow students are failing to stand up for the bullied. Our auberge is failing to stand up for the bullied. Ten million kids are bullied every year, and nobody is s tanding up for them. It is evident that we cannot leave things as they are. Millions of kids are existence bullied, and nobody is stopping it. We must encourage teachers and students to step in and speak up.We must educate them about the costs of bullying, and teach them how to stop it. We must effect action. Fortunately, two organizations, Champions Against ballyrag and Pacers National Bullying Prevention Center are taking action. Each organization has a unique approach. Champions Against Bullying offers in person workshops for students and schoolteachers where they learn what bullying is, what its costs are, how to prevent it, and how to stop it when it does occur. Pacers takes a different approach.It provides online resources such as toolkits, action plans, and erudition games that teachers use to educate their students. YOU can increase the influence of each of these organizations. You can tell your friends, tell your family, and tell your local schoolteachers. You can donat e or volunteer by going to championsagainstbullying. com or www. pacer. org/bullying. If we do this, we will strengthen the anti-bullying movement. If we do this, we can look forward to a approaching where people do not tolerate any form of bullying, and kids are accepted for who they are.Once it was acceptable to use the word homo, to use the word fag, to use the word retard, to use the word Jap, to have segregated schools, segregated housing, to smoke at work, to not wear seat belts. These things are no longer acceptable because people, people like us, decided they are unacceptable. And if we work hard enough, we can make bullying unacceptable too. Ashlynn dreamed of becoming a veterinarian. I think Ashlynns had another dream, a dream of a future in which she wasnt bullied, a dream of a time when bullying was no longer tolerated.We can help Ashlynns other dream come true. We can make bullying unacceptable. I look forward to a future whereEVERYONE will be treated graciously. I lo ok forward to a future wherekids like Ashlynn will not have to die in order to stop being bullied. I look forward to a future wherepeople will stand up for those put down. I want a future in which my children are not at risk of being bullied, a future in which your children are not at risk of being bullied. We can make Ashlynns other dream come true. (pause) If we want to.

American Psychological Association Essay

Psychology has been defined as the hold of human behavior, or a recognition that deals with mental and emotional processes. The American Psychological Association (2010) defines it as a diverse subject which is grounded in intuition, having numerous applications in everyday life. Given that any discipline is subject to continuous growth, psychology was non initially termed as a learning until the mid nineteenth century. It is therefore a young science comp ared to separate natural sciences which drop a long history, but it is growing rapidly.Nevertheless, for it to be a science it must possess any(prenominal) scientific characteristics that place every discipline termed as such. On the other hand, science is usually described as systematic knowledge derived from study and observation, or a beginning of knowledge that systematizes circumstances, principles and methods. Since the purpose of this essay is to discuss psychology as a science, the integral part will give an ins ight into some of the characteristics of psychology that convert it as a science.Studies of Milar, & Fuchs, (2002) indicate that the discipline of psychology has its roots in Germany back in the mid nineteenth century. It resulted from the British and the continental philosophies of mind and advances of look in sensory physiology. Before then, it was only the philosophers who were in pursuit of know how related to the mind and some of its processes. However, a challenge emerged in the late ordinal century declaring that it was not possible to study mind scientifically.The challenge was eventually overcome in the nineteenth century after the emergence of a possibleness of study of mind within the field of philosophy by adoption of experimental methods used to study the physiology of the senses. As a result, the new psychology came to the highest degree and has continued to grow and develop. Psychologists have contributed greatly not only for the sake of its growth, but also with an aim of maintaining it as a scientific discipline through with(predicate) the employment of scientific methods.Psychology contains some of the characteristics that are common with other sciences. For instance, biology is the study of the living things and physics is the study of the physical world. Similarly, psychology is fundamentally the study of human behavior, a phenomenon that can be observed. Although a number of people argue that some branches of psychology study things that cannot be observed ilk fear, sciences equally study things such as gravity which cannot be seen and are still considered scientific.The study method used is also very important. Any science utilizes scientific methods in its study. Simond (2008) indicates that since the mid nineteenth century, psychology has been applying scientific methods in the study of the full range of both human and non-human behavior. In addition, its application is scientifically based. Due to its diverse nature, there are m any topics in psychology because it is very diverse, but systematic observation is incorporated in all the topics. objectiveness which is a core characteristic of any scientific study, is well incorporated in most of the psychological studies. In any objective study, the researcher does not impose any ideas that may be biased or incorporate elements of his personal beliefs. In most of the psychological studies, psychologists may bring into play science laboratory studies which are largely controlled such that they cannot be biased by the researchers beliefs. For quite sometime, physiological, cognitive and behavioral approaches have been using objective methods alike(p) laboratory experiments.However, it has been argued that an objective and value free study is not actually possible because scientists usually have a preconceived notion and they consider other factors especially during the diagnosis of psychological problems (Simond, 2008). Psychology like other science makes use o f theories to explain some psychological phenomena. For instance, there are several record theories which explain the different personality types. In addition, there are theories that give details concerning the causes of a disorder like schizophrenia.It bears noting that one of these theories explains that schizophrenia is caused by biological factors. Although there are some psychological theories which cannot be tested, some of these theories are found in other sciences are generally accepted. The research done by Lutus (2009) reveals that the role of each science is to develop reasonable explanations known as theories describing realities. Moreover, the justifications are supposed to be based on real evidence which is poised and evaluated disregarding the feelings or passions of the researcher.In addition, most of the psychological theories that have been tested fit in this category quite well. Although the discipline of psychology is still way out through revolution, various studies affirm that psychologists have established various laws and principles which are universally acceptable. For instance, behavior is largely viewed as a product of consequences. Much as it may be argued that it is not very easy to have laws and principles in psychology without the influence of other factors, the same problem affects other natural sciences.Considering the fact that psychology has developed some laws and principles and is still in the process of developing it can be affirmed that it is indeed a science. Simond (2008) states that, whether psychology has ever had epitome is acceptedly an issue that is raising a lot of debate. From a psychologists point of view, the subject had undergone through a number of revolutions such that psychology has had a number of paradigms. Moreover, psychology can be stated as being in a stage of a normal science as its current paradigm is cognitive approach.A keen study of psychology illustrates that although there are some perspec tives which may not be scientific, a majority of the outlooks give-up the ghost under scientific perspectives. On the same note, behavioral, cognitive-developmental, cognitive and physiological approaches fall under scientific perspectives. It is only humanistic and psychodynamic approach which is thought to be some idiographic. The social approach is intermediate because it appreciates the role of science in psychology and still incorporates other sociological and environmental factors.All factors put into consideration, the fact is that psychology is a science because it mostly employs scientific approaches. As stated by Simond the issue of psychology as a science is cloudy (2008, Para 6). On one hand, it is a science that studies human behavior and all the aspects related to the same such as memory. In the process carrying out these studies, various variables are measured and controlled to a certain point. Laboratories are used to improve the controls and to make them as systema tic as possible and as a result, general laws nigh behavior are formed or established.On the other hand, psychology tends to partially deviate from the scientific perspectives since it does not aim at generalizing human behavior. In some instances, scientific methods are not useful especially where the focus is on individual differences and the experiences that people go through. In some cases, psychology utilizes some methods which are non-scientific such as the case studies as well as the unstructured interviews. Either way it is worth noting that, psychology developed from both scientific and non scientific disciplines which are physiology and philosophy respectively.However, ever since psychology started operating independently, it has always taken the model of the natural sciences. Moreover, it has made numerous contributions in the scientific study of human behavior (Simond, 2008). As depicted by the findings of this paper, it is therefore possible that psychology can be view ed as a science in hurt of the fact that it does not concur with some of the traditional scientific specifications. Since it follows the scientific methods which have helped to advance other natural sciences such as physics, chemistry and biology, it qualifies to be termed as a science.In addition, psychology has so many characteristics that are still possessed by other sciences. It equally entails several theories, some of which have been developed in to testable hypothesis. Various laws and principles developed from the psychological studies have been generalized such that they can be applicable in different parts of the world. It except stands out that the issue of referring to psychology as a science is contentious but there is solid evidence to defend it. Word Count 1354 Bibliography American Psychological Association.(2010).About APA. Retrieved June 4, 2010, from http//www. apa. org/about/ Lutus, P. (2009). Is Psychology a acquisition? Retrieved June 4, 2010, from http//www . arachnoid. com/psychology/index. html Milar, K. , & Fuchs, A. (2002). Psychology as a Science. Retrieved June 4, 2010, from http//media. wiley. com/product_data/excerpt/01/04713832/0471383201. pdf Simond, M. (2008). Psychology A Science As Well As an Art. Retrieved June 4, 2010, from http//ezinearticles. com/? Psychology---A-Science-As-Well-As-an-Art&id=961082

Ethical Self Reflection Essay

AbstractIn m any(prenominal) cases, a person mustiness choose between two or much rights that may or may not align with two wizards moral and respectable standards. The care- ground, rule-based, ends-based thinking to arrive at a decision rather than rationalizing after the fact are necessary for analyzing ethical dilemmas (Hughes, Ginnett, & Curphy, 2012, pp. 164-165). The self-reflection needed to identify ones fundamental nature, and to understand the moral philosophy, ethics and set one uses to make decisions are critical to becoming an authentic attractor who is a moral manager that serves the mess that follow him or her (Hughes, et.al, pp. 152-153).Ethical Self ReflectionWhat is right? Morals define personal tone related to the ideas of both right and wrong. Ethics, while inherently linked to morals and ones moral obligations, is a set of moral principles used in a social system in which those morals are applied. In other words, ethics point to standards or codes of behavior expected by the separate to which the individual belongs. These standards could be national ethics, social ethics, confederation ethics, professional ethics, or even family ethics. So while a persons moral code is usually unchanging, the ethics he or she practices sight be dependent on exogenous factors not controlled by the individual or the group to which the individual belongs. Care-based thinking describes what is commonly referred to as the Golden Rule, Do unto others as you want others to do to you, of conduct and is most closely aligned with Aristotles writings concerning happiness. Aristotle writes in Nichomachean Ethics that, If happiness is activity in unison with virtue, it is reasonable that it should be in accordance with the highest virtue and this will be that of the best thing in us (Aristotle, 1992, p. 7).Thus the idea of ethics does not begin with the morals of either right or wrong, but starts with the premise that we all desire what is expert or wha t seems so to us (Brennan, 1992, p. 64).Happiness, then, is to live in an objectively good way according to several virtues that conform to the best and most complete aspects of human activity including wisdom, knowledge, courage, self-control, magnanimity, and honorable ambition (Brennan, pp. 65-67). These virtues describe the character of a good person whose acts are ethically free, not compelled voluntary and not forced. Unlike Aristotles character based ethics, Immanuel Kant proposes a rule-based thinking that actions of received moral worth are do when a person does the right thing because it is right and not for what benefit the person can get under ones skin appear of the act (Hughes, et.al, p. 165).This type of thinking largely negates the external factors that may influence a persons inclination to wiegh the decision to act based on the greatest hapiness provided to thegreatest number of people. When one takes the results or consequences of an act into consideration mor eso than the acts rightness or wrongness, then the act can be express to be based on ends-based thinking (Hughes, et.al, p. 165). This thinking is largely based on Utilitariansim proposed by JohnStuart Mill in 1863 who defines it as The creed which accepts as the rump of morals, Utility, or the Greatest Happiness Principle, holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the happiness. By happiness is intended plea sure, and the absence of pain by unhappiness, pain, and the privation of pleasure (Mill, 1863, pp. 9-10).Mill, however, did not propose that the ends of an action justified the means, for justice, to Mills, is paramount to the creation of good organizations and societies (Mill, pp. 42-43). The principle of ends-based thinking or utilitarianism requires that each person count for as much as the next, and that no single man or woman should be made to suffer injustice in order to increase the happiness of all the rest (Brennan, p. 98). Determining why we enunciate what we are going to say why we do what we are going to do and why we feel what we feel in an ethical dilemma presupposes that moral choice is rational. However, man is not a rational animal he is a rationalizing animaland one of the hardest things to believe is the abysmal depth of human stupidity (Heinlein, 1953, p. 18). This Sartrean brand of existentialism is based on the idea that we act first, and then look around for reason afterward (Brennan, p. 122).This rationalizing does not operate at the level of our experience behavior alone. We, as social animals, are prone to adaptto the reality as others find it. We tend to conform, even if, when rationally examined, the reality of the group does not make esthesis. To thine stimulate self be true, and it must follow, as the night the day, thou canst not then be false to any man (Shakespeare, Hamlet, Act I characterization 3, 78-82). Shakespeare provides Polonius a voice that re sonates clearly in present contexts the importance of being true with ones morals and virtues. True, not in the Elizabethan sense of making certain you had your home and finances in order to allow you to better help others, but true in a sense of Platos maxim Know Thyself. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, whose name is strongly associated with the Enlightenment movement, believed that the knowledge of oneself is the beginning of wisdom (Brennan, J., p.75). Gaining this knowledge requires self-reflection. Reflection links changed awareness with changed action. Reflection is a of import part of any worthwhile effort.When one takes the time to thoughtfully reflect about an experience, one is given the opportunity to learn from it, to enjoy success, understand failures, and to larn insights that will be helpful to you in future activities The knowledge of self is essential to enable leaders and followers who aspire to lead to clarify their own set as they model the way for others to follow (Ba rry P., Kouzes J., 2012). However, lifting the cloud of the false personal perceptions we all build from the front of our observation lenses is no easy task. Our connotative prejudices, in-group favoritism, claims of imagined credit and misjudged conflicts of interest are the fuel to the clouds that provide us an over-inflated sense of self-importance (Hughes R.L., et al., 2012, pp. 161-163) Simple self-reflection or introspection is useful when we are trying to fix to make for dinner. During the 2012 Human Capital Institute (HCI) Learning and Leader Development Conference, BG (Ret) Thomas Kolditz said that, You cant become in 30 seconds what you harbort been in 30 years (Fakalata, 2012).Whether a leader is in a corporate boardroom, watching the companys price point per share fall so low that you need a special ticket into the spick-and-span York Stock Exchanges stinking underbelly to see how further it really sunk, or whether a leader is watching his ladder and hose crews bat tle an industrial chemical fire near a suburban aluminum community, the situations that test leadership are also the events that produce competent and selfless leaders driven by moral obligation and social conscience (Kolditz, 2007). Likewise, these likesituations produce the corporate and local government villains that are ridiculed for their selfishness, incompetence, inattentiveness and greed. Motive provides one the reason for doing something and may be considered the why that inspires the what needs to be do (Covey, 2006, p. 78). Values are constructs representing generalized behaviors or states of affairs that are considered by the individual to be important (Hughes, Ginnett, & Curphy, 2012, p. 152).With these definitions in mind, one may surmise that values what is important to us guide us to adopt motives that become visible to others through our behavior towards and with others to complete the what needs to be done. Loyalty to a leader is engendered when followers can p lace their full trust in leaders who are perceived as persons with high moral integrity (Wakin, 1976, p. 587). The moral obligations one has influences the values that drive us toward a certain set of motives that cause us to take action under varying circumstances. Leaders who are coherent with their behaviors with respect to their perceived moral obligations are viewed as having high moral integrity and worthy of trust. The ability of a person to lead a group is often dependent on the culture and the groups beliefs in right and wrong the ethical climate (Hughes, Ginnett, & Curphy, p. 155). For example, a person who values money, diminution expenses, realizing profits, and maximizing business opportunities is motivated by finance or financial wealth.This person, leading a group that values devotion to duty, hard work, and respect for authority, may experience difficulty because the values are not shared and will seldom align to the tradition that motivates the group being led. T he financial leader in a group of traditionalists may be viewed negatively because the obtaining financial success is considered the wrong why to do work that requires from the groups perspective duty, loyalty, hard work and respect. In any context where leadership is a critical component to success, moral absolutists whose values reflect strict adherence to a defined rule-based thought dish may be viewed as uncompromising and hide-bound. Likewise, a pragmatist or a person that uses end-based thinking to justify actions may be viewed as one who uses any method to expediently achieve the organizations goals and objectives. In either case, the appellation of absolutist or pragmatist may be viewed as a pejorative depending on what values are shared by the followers and the organization.However, uncompletemoral archetype explanation is sufficient when dealing with human actions and the values that drive the motives behind these actions. Truth-telling, promise-keeping, preservation o f life, respect for property may not be absolute moral obligations, but they are not relative either. Rather, as Hughes describes, the situation significantly influences both the priority of moral obligations and the leadership interaction between the leader and followers in a particular situation (Hughes, Ginnett, & Curphy, p. 26). In terms perhaps more easily understood, moral obligations like promise-keeping may be at odds, depending on the situation, with an equal universal obligation like preserving life. Neither obligation is absolute and neither is relative, however circumstances may arise when one must prioritize the obligation that shapes what one values and provides the motive to take action. Leadership is about getting results in a way that inspires trust (Covey, 2006, p. 40).Trust of oneself, trust in the relationships we have with our constituents and the organization of which we are part. The means to accomplish a task and get the expected results are just as importan t as the ends. Leaders possessing a set of morals consistent with the ethics of a given inn (organization) are better able to get results in a way that maintains or increases trust. The non-conformists and the dissidents who openly oppose dominant social attitudes and ideologies are not of necessity more correct or more rational. But we might take their criticism as an opportunity for honest self-reflection and examination of even our most dearly held views of ourselves and our society. Congruence with morals, values, motives and behavior results in what we might call integrity. There are no gaps between what the person believes and how they act, and therefore we can trust that actions are done in accordance with who the individual really is.ReferencesAristotle. (1992, January 3). Nichomachean Ethics. The Internet Classics Archive, X. (D. C. Stevenson, Ed., & W. D. Ross, Trans.) Cambridge, MA, United States. Retrieved from http//classics.mit.edu//Aristotle/nicomachaen.html Brenna n, J. G. (1992). Foundations of Moral Obligation The Stockdale Course. Newport, RI Naval War College Press. Covey, S. (2006). The Speed of Trust The One Thing ThatChanges Everything. New York, NY Free Press. Heinlein, R. A. (1953). Assignment in Eternity. NY, New York Baen Publishing Enterprises. Hughes, R. L., Ginnett, R. C., & Curphy, G. J. (2012). Leadership Enhancing the Lessons of Experience. New York, NY McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Mill, J. S. (1863). Utilitarianism. London, England Parker, Son and Bourne. Retrieved from https//play.google.com/store/books/details?id=lyUCAAAAQAAJ&rdid=book-lyUCAAAAQAAJ&rdot=1 Wakin, M. M. (1976). The Ethics of Leadership. American Behavioral Scientist (Pre-1986), 19(5), 567-588. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/194626859?accountid=12871

Accounting Fraud at Worldcom

Accounting Fraud at WorldCom LDDS began operations in 1984 offering services to local retail and commercial customers in the southern states. It was initially a loss making enterprise, and thus hired Bernie J. (Bernie) Ebbers to run things. It took him less(prenominal) than a year to make the accomp whatsoever profitable. By the end of 1993, LDDS was the quadrupletth largest vast distance carrier in the United States. After a shargonholder vote in May 1995, the company officially came to be known as WorldCom. WorldCom culture was dominated by a strong chief administrator officer (Bernie J. Bernie) Ebbers), who was given virtually unfettered discretion to commit vast amounts of shareholder resources and de end pointine embodied direction without even the slightest scrutiny or purposeful deliberation or analysis by senior management or the get along with of directors and legal function was less influential and less welcome than in a healthy corporate environment. Top hierarchy granted compensation and pension beyond the company guidelines to a select group of individuals based on their loyalty to them.The companys human resource virtually never objected to much(prenominal)(prenominal) special awards. Inaddition, there was no outlet for employees to express their concerns. The room four improvement and corrective measures was obsolete, the consequence of all these culture irregularities were the factor to the big hazard for the company. According to Ebber, in 1997,our goal is to be the NO. 1 sprout on Wall Street. Revenue growth was a key to increasing the companys market value. Ebbers was obsessed with revenue growth and insisted on a 42% E/R ratio.He encouraged managers to push for revenue, even if it meant that long term cost would outweigh the short term gains. As business operations declined post the 1st quarter in 2000, CFO Sullivan used accounting tactical manoeuvre to achieve targeted performance, accounting principles require companies to est imate expected payments from line costs and match them with revenues in the income statement,. Throughout 1999 and 2000, Sullivan told staff to release accruals which too high compared to the proportional cash payments, without visualizeed Matching Principe.Over a 7 quarter period among 1999 and 2000, WorldCom released $3. 3 billion worth of accruals. Sullivan directed the making of accounting entries that had no keister in generally considered accounting principles in order to wee the false appearance that WorldCom had achieved those revenue targets. As an accountant, one should be familiar with the standards and rules of the position, accept personal responsibilities for the fore affectable consequence of actions, and realize the long-term effect of such behavior on the accounting industry and the citizens.At all times, an accountant should conduct themselves with integrity, dignity, and appreciate for the position held in society. Whistleblowers frequently face reprisal, s ometimes at the custody of the organization or group which they have accused, sometimes from related organizations, and sometimes chthonian law. As Terance Miethe explains in his book, Whistle blowing at Work, many people see the whistleblower as a snitch, or a a lowlife who betrays a sacred trust largely for personal gain. In the flip side, whistleblowers are seen as saviors who ultimately helped create important changes in organizations.This approach to whistleblowers as guardians of in the public eye(predicate) accountability is often taken by consumer advocates. I would not consider blowing the whistle. I would rather distance myself after informing my immediate supervisor if any wrong practice or misconduct similar to the WorldCom Fraud is happening in my environment. Public confidence in the accounting profession has been changed by corporate scandals, which created a crisis that affected the reputation and credibility of accounting professionals.The unethical decisions make by accountants can prove detrimental to the public who rely on teaching from the monetary statements to make decisions. Users of financial statements rely on the information purported by an enterprise to exhibit certain qualitative characteristics that are both relevant and reliable. The push of unethical decisions of both corporate leaders and accounting firms involving financial describe by U. S. orporations has necessitated a new governmental regulation under SOX recreate of 2002. chair Bush signed this Act into law (Public Law 107-204) on July 30, 2002. The Act resulted in major changes to compliance practices of large U. S. and non-U. S. companies, whose securities are listed or traded on U. S. line of credit exchanges, requiring executives, boards of directors and external auditors to undertake measures to implement greater accountability, responsibility and transparency of financial reporting.Accounting Fraud at WorldcomAccounting Fraud at WorldCom LDDS began oper ations in 1984 offering services to local retail and commercial customers in the southern states. It was initially a loss making enterprise, and thus hired Bernie J. (Bernie) Ebbers to run things. It took him less than a year to make the company profitable. By the end of 1993, LDDS was the fourth largest long distance carrier in the United States. After a shareholder vote in May 1995, the company officially came to be known as WorldCom. WorldCom culture was dominated by a strong chief executive officer (Bernie J. Bernie) Ebbers), who was given virtually unfettered discretion to commit vast amounts of shareholder resources and determine corporate direction without even the slightest scrutiny or meaningful deliberation or analysis by senior management or the board of directors and legal function was less influential and less welcome than in a healthy corporate environment. Top hierarchy granted compensation and bonus beyond the company guidelines to a select group of individuals based on their loyalty to them.The companys human resource virtually never objected to such special awards. Inaddition, there was no outlet for employees to express their concerns. The room four improvement and corrective measures was obsolete, the consequence of all these culture irregularities were the factor to the big disaster for the company. According to Ebber, in 1997,our goal is to be the NO. 1 stock on Wall Street. Revenue growth was a key to increasing the companys market value. Ebbers was obsessed with revenue growth and insisted on a 42% E/R ratio.He encouraged managers to push for revenue, even if it meant that long term costs would outweigh the short term gains. As business operations declined post the 1st quarter in 2000, CFO Sullivan used accounting tactics to achieve targeted performance, accounting principles require companies to estimate expected payments from line costs and match them with revenues in the income statement,. Throughout 1999 and 2000, Sullivan told staf f to release accruals which too high compared to the relative cash payments, without considered Matching Principe.Over a 7 quarter period between 1999 and 2000, WorldCom released $3. 3 billion worth of accruals. Sullivan directed the making of accounting entries that had no basis in generally accepted accounting principles in order to create the false appearance that WorldCom had achieved those revenue targets. As an accountant, one should be familiar with the standards and rules of the position, accept personal responsibilities for the foreseeable consequence of actions, and realize the long-term effect of such behavior on the accounting industry and the citizens.At all times, an accountant should conduct themselves with integrity, dignity, and respect for the position held in society. Whistleblowers frequently face reprisal, sometimes at the hands of the organization or group which they have accused, sometimes from related organizations, and sometimes under law. As Terance Miethe explains in his book, Whistle blowing at Work, many people see the whistleblower as a snitch, or a a lowlife who betrays a sacred trust largely for personal gain. In the flip side, whistleblowers are seen as saviors who ultimately helped create important changes in organizations.This approach to whistleblowers as guardians of public accountability is often taken by consumer advocates. I would not consider blowing the whistle. I would rather distance myself after informing my immediate supervisor if any wrong practice or misconduct similar to the WorldCom Fraud is happening in my environment. Public confidence in the accounting profession has been changed by corporate scandals, which created a crisis that affected the reputation and credibility of accounting professionals.The unethical decisions made by accountants can prove detrimental to the public who rely on information from the financial statements to make decisions. Users of financial statements rely on the information purpor ted by an enterprise to exhibit certain qualitative characteristics that are both relevant and reliable. The impact of unethical decisions of both corporate leaders and accounting firms involving financial reporting by U. S. orporations has necessitated a new governmental regulation under SOX Act of 2002. President Bush signed this Act into law (Public Law 107-204) on July 30, 2002. The Act resulted in major changes to compliance practices of large U. S. and non-U. S. companies, whose securities are listed or traded on U. S. stock exchanges, requiring executives, boards of directors and external auditors to undertake measures to implement greater accountability, responsibility and transparency of financial reporting.

President Musharraf’s Validity and Endorsements by Supreme Court

Written by Afreen Baig Chronological record of events, that validates President Musharrafs preference as President and subsequent endorsements by overbearing Court http//presidentmusharraf. wordpress. com/2009/02/01/musharraf-validity-by-supreme-court/ 1- On 13 May 2000, Pakistans 12 member haughty Court unanimously validate the October 1999 coup and granted Musharraf executive and legislative authority for 3 years from the coup date. Justice Iftikhar Chaudhry was one of the judges that validated. (Link) 2- On 7 October 2002, the 5 member bench of sovereign Court validated LFO and amendments to constitution.Justice Iftikhar Chaudhry was one of the judges that validated. (Link) 3- On 29 Dec 2004, PML-Q government passed the seventeenth constitutional amendment bill in National Assembly, with 2/3 majority, also approved by Senate that allowed President Musharraf to hold dual offices. (Link) 4- Constitution of Pakistan Article 63 clause (1) paragraph (d), read with proviso to Art icle 41 clause (7) paragraph (b), allows the President to hold dual office. 5- On 13 April 2005, the 5 member bench of lordly Court gave judgment in favor of 17th amendment and Presidents uniform.Justice Iftikhar Chaudhry was one of the judges that validated. (Link) 6- On 28 September 2007, the Supreme Court cleared the way for President Pervez Musharraf to seek some other five-year term, and stand for Presidential elections, when six of the nine judges, rejected a tangle of petitions against him and threw out a major legal challenge to his re-election plans. Presided by Justice genus Rana Bhagwandas. (Link) 7- President Musharraf was elected President of Pakistan, on 6th October 2007, by a combined electoral of the Senate, National Assembly and the FOUR Provincial Assembles. President of Pakistan declare emergency on 3rd noember 2007, as per Article 232 of the constitution. 9- The 10 member bench of Supreme Court (SC) on 24 November 2007 directed the chief election commissione r and the government to declare Pervez Musharraf president for a second term. (Link) 10- On 24 November 2007, the Pakistan Election Commission confirmed Musharrafs re-election as President. (Link) 11- President Musharraf won by 58% votes, declared in November 2007, as the constitutional President of Pakistan 2- On 28 November 2007, Musharraf relinquished the office of headspring of Armed Staff, as per November 2007 verdict of the Supreme Court. 13- On 15 Feb 2008, the Supreme Court validated the proclamation of emergency of 3rd Nov 2007, PCO 2007 and oath of the judges. This full court judgment was written by Chief Justice Abdul Hameed Dogar. (Link) These facts above raise serious questions regarding the credibility of those so-called political intellects and experts of judicial matters that appear on media talk shows, accusing President Musharraf of violating the constitution, thereby desire to apply Article-6 on him.They do so, merely for publicity and self exposure, overlooking the role of the Judiciary all along and misguiding the public to zenith. They should know that the Parliament and the Supreme Court, has approved and endorsed every single decision taken by President Musharraf. President Musharraf cosmos the President of Pakistan was the rightful authority to sign amendments to the constitution, after being approved by the Senate. Article 270-AA of the constitution gives full protection to the 17th amendment and the 1999 coup, which cannot be called into question in any(prenominal) court of the country on any ground what-so-ever.The 17th amendment was approved by the National Assembly by 2/3 majority and made into law, as part of the constitution. Then, the Constitution (Amendment) Order, 1980, (P. O. No. 1 of 1980) section 2 clauses (3A), (3B) and (3C) give full protection and immunity to Martial rectitude Regulation made by the Chief Martial equity Administrators, any sentence passed by a Military Court or Tribunal, Chief Martial Law Adminis trator or a Martial Law Administrator or any person acting under the authority of either, and cannot be called into question in any court.Then, Article 248 clauses (1) (2) (3) (4) of the constitution, protects the President, and he shall not be answerable to any court for the exercise of powers and performance of functions of his respective office, no criminal proceedings whatsoever shall be instituted or continued against the President or a Governor in any court during his term of office and no process for the arrest or imprisonment of the President or a Governor shall issue from any court during his term of office.All of President Musharrafs decisions were according to the constitution, approved by the supreme Parliament and endorsed by the Supreme Court. Despite these above mentioned facts and articles as per the constitution, if those prejudiced intellects and revenge seeking politicians, call to apply Article-6 on President Musharraf, then they should know the article in full. Article-6 clause (2) Any person aiding or abetting the acts mentioned in clause (1) shall likewise be guilty of high treason.Which clearly indicates that the Supreme Court and the Parliament itself that approved and endorsed the events from 1999 till 2007 shall be held equally responsible, for abetting, if a case ever arises. Yet, as Article-6 itself is NOT a self governing article, that could decide and instigate itself automatically, hence Article-6 provides a clause, expiration it to the supreme Parliament to decide, if and whenever, such a case arises and is brought to the attention of the Parliament.Article-6 clause (3) Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) shall by law provide for the punishment of persons found guilty of high treason. former(a) than the supreme Parliament, no other institution can approve nor apply Article-6. Afreen Baig is an independent analyst majoring in International Relations and Economics. She can be reached at emailprotected com (c) PRESIDENT MUSHARRAF http //presidentmusharraf. wordpress. com/2009/02/01/musharraf-validity-by-supreme-court/

Character Studies in the Ruby in the Smoke

In the novel blood-red in the Smoke, Phillip Pullman has created sleazy, nasty villains and wholesome, genuine, kind-hearted heroes and heroines. This piece study explores at the behaviour of these important heroes and heroines in vital events in the novel. It also includes details about their appearance, personalisedity and behaviorstyles.1. cleft LockhartSet in 1872, the Ruby in the Smoke involves sixteen year old whirl Lockhart. Sally is uncomm save pretty at the time the reference point at the start of Chapter 1 shows us thisShe was minute and pale, and dressed in mourning, with a black bonnet under(a) which she tucked in a wander twist of blonde hair that the wind had teased loose. She had unusually dark brown eyes for angiotensin converting enzyme so fair.Sally Lockhart is a serious middle-class orphan whose late father taught her a variety of effectual things accounting, Hindustani, marksmanship, finance and shootingAs a result, her knowledge of English literatur e, French, History, Art and Music was non-existent.Sallys lack of perceptiveness in these quarters caused trouble with her guardian Mrs Rees and so her stay there ended.Sally Lockhart shows sensitivity end-to-end the novelWhat are you scowling for? he said at one point I wasnt scowling, she said, appear petulant and youngsterishSallys sensitiveness also links in with her testamentingness to let Frederick Garland draw a bead on charge, this reference book economic aids us visualise thisShe was in danger , and was glad of his company.This shows her lack of decisiveness and most of the novel portrays Sally in this fashion. Sally often seems to feel vulnerable in the novel this extension shows us thisSally around quailed and took a step backwards in frightIn the balance of the last three quotations Sally Lockhart give the gate be seen as a weak, powerless and indecisive heroine but Sallys part in the novel has practically more to it.Sally proves to be resourceful to the Garla ndsWouldnt it be possible to tell a story in pictures?Sallys opinions bring in plenty of property and solidify her role as a strong origin woman. During these parts or chapters in the novel, Sally gains significant authority, determination and control. Sally Lockhart shows fearlessness and determination at the end of the novel to defeat her enemy Mrs HollandThe old woman plunged. She fell without a cry Mrs Holland was dead.This achievement symbolises her courage and quick-witted thinking she showed to react to Mrs Hollands actions and words. To summarise, Sally Lockhart is young, sensitive, and, at times, willing to let Frederick Garland take charge, however she is also a resourceful, fearless, determined, and an independent heroine.2. Frederick GarlandAnother one of the important characters is Frederick Garland, a photographer with imagination. The quotation tells us about Fredericks appearanceHe looked an amiable young man.Frederick is caught up in Sallys mystery, he proves to be trustworthy, right-hand and decisive through out Pullmans novel. Criticisms of Fredericks character involve his poor organisation and proviso. The succeeding(a) quotation shows us this Frederick Garland she stormed. Those bills are have been waiting since Easter, Fredericks organisation has cost him plenty of money through out the novel he should show slightly elevated interest on his personal gain. Fredericks poor planning skill also links in with his dreadful business abilities these weaknesses have modify many situations within Pullmans novel.Fredericks character possesses lots of effective strengths in this novel. One of them is his braveness as shown by the quotationBut hes brave though.This quality has come to Fredericks rescue plenty of times as well as this his braveness has also offered sufficient help to other characters (particularly Sally, Jim and Adelaide). Due to these acts, Frederick is known as a trustworthy character. In an early chapter, Frederick provid ed help to Sally. This short passage notifies this In the tent, he saidThroughout the Ruby in the Smoke, Frederick has been helpful and kind. This point also links in with his ability to think and to stay calm even when under pressure. However, his more brilliant qualities are shown towards the end of the novel when he is portrayed as a life saver. This is proved by this quotation showing Mr Berrys surprise at Fredericks determination How? said Mr Berry. . I thought I severaliseed you out. During this chapter, Frederick showed his egotismless abilities to save the lives of Jim and Adelaide. To conclude Frederick Garland is a helpful, brave, decisive and a trustworthy character.3. Mrs HollandThe villain of Pullmans novel is the mean and manipulative Mrs Holland. Her appearance is exposit by this quotationShe was a shriveled old woman with sunken cheeks, pinched lips, and glittering eyes.It is obvious from the earlier chapter that Mrs Holland possesses villainous qualities. One of them is her beastly and cunning thinkingSo I think shed better have an accident One look at the paper tomorrow and youll do whatever I want.This shows that Mrs Holland has no conscience to threaten and blackmail, she is only interested in her personal gain. However, Mrs Holland is dexterous at her trade, she proves that she is manipulative. We can also sense that Mrs Holland is dis resemblingd by others You spider. You calculating old bitch. Mrs Holland has earned herself plenty of enemies. In contrast to the selfless and caring heroes, she proves to be esurient and unkind to others throughout the novel. Heartless is an excellent description Mrs Hollands character, this is proved by the following quotationIts the young woman Ill have her and Ill tear her open, I will and Ill have her life.Mrs Holland is cold hearted, she wishes evil to others and she makes it clear that nothing will stop her from achieving her ambitions. Particularly towards the latter stages Mrs Holland overr eactsShe thrust Sally aside and scrambled up on to the parapet. She tottered wildly Mrs Holland is unable to remain calm. However, her knowledge of her surroundings was excellentShe will find me and drag me out She knows everythink. Everythink and everyone. Sorry, maam, mental picture ashamed of himself and not knowing why.Mrs Holland shows her authority over others. She has the ability to frighten people and make them represent for her in a high standard. In a nutshell, Mrs Holland is a mean, heartless, greedy villain with authority and planning abilities.4. Jim TaylorJim Taylor, the cheap office boy, emerges as one of the principal heroes to help take up Sallys quest. Jims looks is visualised by this description His jacket was torn in three places, his collar had come adrift from the shirt, and his hair looked as if it had been used in an experiment with the powers of electricity.Jim shows great spunk towards Sally in this novelIt was Jim he worships you.Jims like of Sally g ets him into this quest and in deep trouble. However, he has showed determination and bravery in these situations. The following quotation shows thisHe nearly fainted and then he lowered his head and charged.Jims heroic acts in the latter chapters offered help to Frederick and Adelaide in difficult circumstances. He puts others first. Jim also stayed calm and thought freely under pressure. Like Frederick Garland, he shows no interest in personal gain, this links in to the previous points. All through the Ruby in the Smoke, Jim is inquisitiveThats him thats the bloke what killed Selby.Jim is a hard questioning thinker he looks deep into happenings. Jims vision is justified after he found the Ruby. After finding this expensive and enchanting object, Jim showed excellent self control and selflessness not to misuse the Ruby. However, in some parts of the Ruby in the Smoke, Jim is a rowdyJim looked up and released a jet of language that might have blistered a battle ship.Jim doesnt f orever and a day posses gentlemanly qualities. Despite this, his heart is dedicated to the good and helpful. At the start of the climax to the Ruby in the Smoke, Jim is betrayed by Paddy. This quotation shows us this Why? Money, mate, was the reply. Gotta live.Despite his anger at Paddy, he kept his concentration and bravery, he somehow survived. In conclusion, Jim Taylor is a likeable, principal hero with bravery, determination and selflessness and at times a rowdy.5. quaker (Theophilus Molloy)quaker, part of the fashionforce in the Garlands household, ends up to be one of the key characters in Sallys quest. His figure is describedA little wizened man ran anxiously out Helpful is an excellent description of quakers character in the Ruby in the Smoke Could you light the match for me and hold it under the opium? Righto.Particularly to Sally, Trembler provided excellent help through out the novel (buying her a pistol, helping her re remember with opium). Trembler (along with Frede rick Garland) is a dreadful business man You must press to have your bills paid on time. on that point is fifty six pounds seven shillings owing to you. Before Sally arrived, the Garland household was unable to sort out their finances. This shows that Trembler, Frederick (and Rosa to an extent) are unorganised. Trembler is unpersuasive in the Ruby in the Smoke, this is proved by the ensuing quotation You tell him. Ive tried but he wont listen to me. Particularly in the earlier stages, Trembler lacks qualities needed in a business field. However, his bravery and loyalty is second to noneThe Brobdingnagian man knocked him down the big bloke took a swing at him and flattened him.Tremblers hard work and bravery were a key part of his character. His liking and friendliness towards Adelaide was huge Heres my lady love, Trembler was an escaped going character, he had an excellent knowledge of the surroundings. To consummate, Trembler was a helpful, faithful, unorganised and easy going character.6. AdelaideAdelaide plays a key part towards the earlier and the latter stages of this novel. Her appearance is shown in the following quotation a child whose only feature seemed to be, , a pair of enormous dark eyes.Adelaide is weak and uneducated. The following quotations help us visualise this ideaMr Berry was holding her around the neck with one hand and so should, by law, be in school.Adelaide hasnt been a brave contributor to Sallys quest. However, she has been incredibly useful, in an earlier chapter she informed Jim (who in turn acquainted Sally) about Matthew Bedwell. This was of significant use. Adelaides main symptomatic is that she is scared of Mrs Holland. This quotation shows us this still I mustnt tell Mrs Holland, else she will kill me.Adelaide is troubled, she is being abused, bullied and frightened by Mrs Holland. Adelaide, unlike Frederick and Jim, lacks determination. This showed in a key part of the novel Get up here. We got to climb over the wall I cant, This undermined characteristic often caused trouble to other characters. Despite this their like and affection towards her is unhurt theres a good girl.Adelaide returns this affection with respect, this quotation shows this Morning miss, Adelaide is a kind and caring character, she is soft hearted. To recapitulate, Adelaide is weak, bullied andundetermined but however she proves to be courteous and resourceful.

Rhetorical Analysis Essay

E very(prenominal)one else got to decide what would become of their lives, magic spell she was now going to have everything decided for her. While Kim tells her story, she books some(prenominal) statements that key on the readers emotions and get us to take her side. Kim uses not bad(predicate) imagery when she tells about her village being burned down and her clothes scorched off. She says I byword an airplane getting lower and then four bombs falling down. I saw fire everywhere around me. Then I saw fire over my body, especially on my left arm. My clothes had been burned off by the fire.Anyone who could imagine this happening to a nine stratum old wouldnt be able to help feeling sorry for this person. To make matters for the little daughter worse, she was then forced to become a poster child for the Vietnamese government to show the remainder of the world. Kims freedom to become what she wanted was taken from her. While telling her story, she does a very good job using thes e rhetorical pathos to make the reader feel sorry for her and take her side. In the story, Untold Stories of Kindness, an American soldier tells about the brutal reality of war.He explains that even though you may not agree with the reason for the fight or even know the truth foot the war, if you are a soldier, you have to do your job and continue fighting. He hits on the point that lot want to help each other even in times of war and despair. He says that if everyone entrust just accept people who are different, the world will be a more still place. His idea that people always want to help each other is supported by an archetype of a time he remembers people helping each other during his campaign in the Iraq war.after one particular fire fight that lasted nearly eight hours, Iraqi civilians helped the American soldiers clear the streets of wound men and try to aid their injuries. People would also care for children, rebuild hospitals and schools, and feed the poor. The author of this seek uses strong imagery to make the reader have emotion towards his story. He tells about the time when insurgents detonated several car bombs killing over a hundred people. The number of people killed in this incident helps to evince the reality of all the people who dying in this war.He says Cars were covered in blood as if theyd been hit with a paint sprayer. This makes the reader try to imagine what he had to see and tries to make the reader feel the same emotions he has toward the situation. The rhetorical pathos used here are very similar to the pathos used by Kim in her story. Both of these essays made good points support the system of logic behind the statements and opinions in their stories. They also used good details and imagery so the audience could motion picture some of the things they had to see. The imagery in these stories tried to make the readers feel emotional and take the authors sides.

Disintermediation and Reintermediation of the Travel Agents Essay

1. INTRODUCTIONNowadays, the operate distri furtherion channelize is very complex and characterized by the bearing of umteen antithetic kind of intermediaries which operate in a very contentiony market. Since the beginning of the get industry, intermediaries contrive always played an Copernican part for the build upment of tourism products and services. Indeed, intermediaries dedicate the ability to bone and aggregate a large f are of data into one price. More everywhere, they direct a fundamental role for counseling and delivering a personalized service according to the specific need of customers (Kracht and Wang, 2009). Before the advent and hike development of communication engineering, the market was dominated by the large suppliers such as airlines, hotel arrange and resorts. die factors were the conventional intermediaries which were independent from each other and represented a portion of the dominant players in a non- hawkish market (Gharavi and Sor, 2005). Later on, with the high spread of ICT and the need of cutting costs the position of the stumble agents has been queered. sensitively kind of middlemen emerged adding additional layers of intermediation, disintermediating certain players by bypassing the traditional intermediaries (Buhalis and Law, 2008). engineering has too allowed suppliers to directly communicate with consumers who have seen their choices enormously increased. This has increased the competition and the complexity of the market and has raised an important issue for the presence in the market of traditional conk out agents. The aim of this paper is to investigate how disintermediation and re-intermediation have abnormal the way travel agents operate and whether in that location is still a place and a prospective of growth for travel agents in the market.2. DISINTERMEDIATION AND RE-INTERMEDIATION OF THE TRAVEL AGENTSIn the last twenty historic period several changes occurred in the tourism distributional cha nnel. all component of the chain value has been affected and particularly travel agents. Traditional travel agencies are live onence threatened not only by integrated tour operators, which control their confess distribution channels, but also by the expansion of alternative distribution channels such as the Internet, Teletext, call centers, and compensate travel TV channels. This process is cal take disintermediation (Kracht and Wang, 2009). According to Bennett and Buhalis (2003) disintermediation is the process of eliminating intermediaries within the distribution channel driven by electronic means that enable consumers to access and transact directly with suppliers and destinations. Before 1993, the traditional tourism system consisted of consumers, traditional retail travel agents, corporate travel agents, tour operators, GDSs and suppliers. The 1993 was the year of the first commercial usage of meshing. After that year many changes occurred and many to a greater extent p layers enter into the market thanks to the diminution of barrier entry costs. However, the starting point of disintermediation was in the 1960s, when the American airline lunch the first GDS allowing consumers to debase tickets directly from the airline company (Kracht and Wang, 2009). motivity agents main source of revenue at the time was commissions gainful to them by the airlines on tickets sold by them on the airlines behalf. Pressures to reduce costs in an increasingly combative industry caused airline companies to look for ways to reduce their payments to travel agents. Initially, airline companies progressively reduced the amount of commission paid to travel agents while, at the same time, they opened up new channels and grow knowing channels to reach travelers directly. Airline companies encouraged travelers to book direct channel by divers(a) means with a very successful results. For instance, easyJet, a successful British low-cost carrier, in 2002 was already sellin g 90% of its seats through its own site (The Economist, 2002). After the public debut of the meshing, suppliers began establishing web sites to connect directly with customers, thereby beginning the disintermediation of traditional retail travel agents(McCubbrey, 1999 cited by Kracht and Wang, 2009).For example, Hotelsalso created their own websites to reach their customer. Establishing a direct relationship with clients allows suppliers to put in place various price polices and inscription schemes. Suppliers believe they no longer need an intermediary to sell their products. They discover the internet to be a powerful and cheap distribution channel, and not just an online brochure (The Economist, 2002). Indeed, using information technology to develop supply chain relationships can reduce costs and bring higher quality of travel products into the market. Internet, perhaps, has been the nigh powerful means of disintermediation and it has radically changed the travel industry, addi ng more(prenominal) layers of intermediation and more players (Kracht, 2009) The travel industry, in fact, is doubtlessly one of the most interesting sector in terms of the possibilities asserted by the internet. Internet travel reservations have increased dramatically in the last years with more and more users confident with the technology, and it represents the fastest development segment of electronic commerce (Bernstein and Awe,1999 cited by Anckar, 2003).The success of internet in this respect, is perhaps due to the temperament of the tourism product, which is a little more than an information product, easy to convey through the web (UNCTAD, 2000 cited by Anckar, 2003). However, as stated by Palmer and McCole (1999 cited by Bennett and Lai, 2005) the internet does not change the principal role of intermediaries who endure to simplify buyers choice processes. Indeed, even though internet allowed suppliers and consumers to communicate directly bypassing the travel agents, the re were somewhat important issues related to the internet. According to Bloch et al. (1996, cited by Wynne 2000), when potential tourists try to book directly with suppliers on the internet, they flavor a wide range of problems. For example, they require to know in which website to look. It takes at lot of time considering different options and prices. Often, it is not possible to book online. Thereby, the necessity of one stop-shopping, aggregation of information and comparison of price led to the formation of new e-mediaries or cybermediaries.Disintermediation indeed, push back to re-intermediation with new players coming into the markets and existing ones which re-intermediate themselves by reinventing their condescension. Re-intermediation has been delimit by Bennet and Buhahs (2003) as the utilization of ICT and internet tools for the development of either new intermediaries or new methods for existing intermediaries thatenable them to re-engineer the tourism distribution c hannel. Re-intermediation is evident through the development of new electronic intermediaries such as Expedia, Yahoo rifle, lastminute.com and Travelocity which are based only online. Based on the premise that intermediaries exist because they provide value added services, these e-mediaries have the potential to pass economies of scale directly to the consumer, offering reduced fares as well as the convenience of making reservations 24/7 (Lai, 2005).As a result of some(prenominal) disintermediation and re-intermediation travel agents have been reduced in numbers and have to face a very competitive market. In fact, from one side they are threaten by the disintermediation put in place by the suppliers, and from one other by online reservation and therefore, by the e-mediaries or cybermediaries. The latter, in particular, with no established high-street presence, threaten established retailers by changing the distribution channel for consumer products. Reservations made online are pr obably the most important danger that traditional intermediaries like travel agents have to face. Figures show an increase of online bookings over the years both(prenominal) in Europe and United States but also in other markets (http//www.emarketer.com). According to Cheung and Lam (2009), to see to it their position in the marketplace, and avoid disintermediation, travel agents moldiness be able to acquire the new technology and be able to compete into the new channels as electronic-able intermediaries, without losing their advantage in the conventional market. To calumniate the risk of disintermediation, travel agents need to reduce their dependence into simple transaction and increase revenues by centre on more complex activities, like counseling and personalization of the service.3. TRAVEL AGENCIES RESPONSES TO A CHALLENGING MARKET despite the severe competition, and the possibility for booking online, many customers still prefer to purchase from travel agents. TTI chairman, Tony Allen stated that there would always be people who didnt trust the internet and wanted face-to-face advice (Taylor, The Guardian, 2003). Indeed, travel agents have still many cards to play and can benefit from several advantages in the marketplace * They are situated wherecustomers come, in shopping centers and in high streets * Aggregation of the offer from various suppliers into one portion * They can offer a personalized service* Human relationship* Travel agents can offer an advisory service, and assist the customers in making a decision before processing with transactions * little time spent by the customers to buy a travel product. It can also be argued, that not all the effects of the disintermediation and re-intermediation have had a negative effect on travel agents. Gharavi and Sor (2005) have suggested, in fact, that because of internet and other forms of disintermediation, the bonds between the small travel agents and the dominant large suppliers like the airline companies, hotel chains and resorts owners, was finally broken. As a result of that, many independent travel agents, which continue to based their business on conventional methods such as commissions from suppliers, were pushed out of the market. However, many others entrepreneurs were stimulated to reinvent their business. Travel agents were allowed to propagate with a variety of suppliers and organize into cooperative. Moreover, others entrepreneurs developed franchises or merged, in nine to have more bargain power against competitors. Therefore they fight back the disintermediation and re-intermediate themselves.Organizing into franchising or into other forms of collaboration has allow several advantages to travel agents. First of all, it hauls to gain more bargaining power which make more convenient for travel agents to traffic with suppliers. Second of all, it admirers travel agents to focus only on the front location activities, while the centre office is in charge of t he administrative procedures and of the marketing activities, such as brand building and advertising. Another reason, wherefore this kind of collaborations are successful is that they can allow a better training of human resources and lead to better prospects for income. A great example of travel agency unionised into franchising is definitely Harvey knowledge domain Travel with over 170 stores in Australia and more than 70 in the UK which offer to its branches a very wind software to create a very personalized package for customers (Harris and Duckworth, 2005). In dedicate to fight disintermediation many travel agents differentiate themselves and/or focus on niche markets.They try to offer something different that clients could not find online. EuroTravel is a great and successful example of how a small independent travel agent can compete in the market. This company was able to leverage technology effectively in order to specialize and fight back against disintermediation. It specializes in sales to only the European destination, but has used the internet as its primary communication channel in order to acquire customers from a broader geographic area. This scheme seems to have paid off. In fact, in 2004, sales were 6.5 m and in 2008 they reached more the 8.5 m (Haris and Duckworth, 2005). Similarly, doubting doubting doubting Thomas Cook is another successful experience. By being the first travel agent in the UK, Thomas Cook can count on a very long history and tradition. Over the years it has experienced many changes in order to adapt to a competitive market. In 2007, it merged with the competitor MyTravel, and nowadays Thomas Cook is the UKs largest retail travel network. It aims to dominate both, conventional and innovative channel (Williamson A., 2001). Thomas Cook has indeed, a very strong position online and continues to open new branches every year. Therefore, Thomas Cook demonstrates not only how a travel agent can fight disintermediation, bu t also how to grow and prosper in the marketplace.CONCLUSIONUpon the introduction of Internet technology, travel industry has been strongly affected by electronic commerce that contributed the most to the disintermediation of the channel. This is true in particular for travel agents. It is clear that disintermediation and re-intermediation exist in the travel sector. In the intermediate phase, traditional travel agencies dominate the market. However, as new EC-only travel agencies emerge in the market and build up their competitive abilities, traditional travel agencies lost over 50% market shares (Cheung and Lam, 2009). As a result of that many travel agencies merged or organized themselves into some form of collaboration such as franchising. In order to survive in this competitive travel market, agents need to reposition themselves as travel consultants, but also must be more technologically oriented. They must focus on consulting and niche markets. As suggested by the Economist ( 2002), travelagents prospective lead be based on helping customers to buy what they want, rather than selling what is left unsold by suppliers.They now must look out for consumers best interest by using IT resources to help them find the best product. Indeed, it is necessary an integration of conventional business with the new opportunities offered by the web, in order to add value for the client. 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