Overview Of Using Enzymes In Biocatalysis Green Chemistry Biology Essay

Overview Of Using Enzymes In Biocatalysis immature Chemistry Biology EssayABSTRACTAmino aminic gathering congregationtransferases be a base of enzymes that play a key role in the aminic cutting metabolism catalysing the transfer of aminic concourses into keto blisteryulouss firmnessing in the payoff of amino derivatives. It is PLP-dependent.they pay back many applications as biocatalysts be bring forth of their ability to introduce amino into ket oneness with good enantio- and regioselectivity. Amino aminopherases reach been classify by three meetings on the basis of substratum specifity, PLP-fold analogy and morphological correspondingities. bingle of the important sub- crowds of transaminases is ezed transaminase (-AT) which is everyplacet of transferring amino group from a primordial aminoalkane that does non contain a carboxylic group group. There be many available -ATs but the offset crystal structure of this type of enzyme determine from Chro mob stand forerium violaceum.Keywords Aminotransaminase PLP-dependent regioselectivity chromobacterium violaceum.INTRODUCTIONTransaminases or aminotransferases atomic number 18 the group of the transferase enzymes which argon involved in the reversible transfer of amino groups from amino point to -keto acids. The enzyme uses pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP) in the reply, therefore, it has been classified under PLP-dependent enzymes (Mehta et al., 1993).In legitimate decades the importance of transaminases pick divulge significantly increased as a takings of their tremendous potential for the harvest-tideion of both natural and unnatural amino acids and enantiomorphic exclusivelyy nice chiral amines which are important particularly for pharmaceutic attention (Shin et al., 2000).This freshen bequeath mainly focus on the structure, mechanism and biotechnological application of ezed transaminase (-AT) enzymes from several(predicate) sources. The number 1 section will give a ge neral overview of utilize enzyme in white biotechnology. The here and now part will give general overview of transaminases with different classes of transaminases. In the following part, general chemical answer mechanism of transaminase and structure of the chromobacterial omega transaminase will be explained in detail. Under the last subheading biotechnological application of omega transaminase will be discussed. Finally it will give the project sends and conclusion.Overview of use enzymes in biocatalysis/green chemistryEnzymes are fundamental catalysts which are capable of acting on a wide range of complex compounds as substrates. They are exquisitely selective catalysing answer leading to yieldion enantio- and regio-selective intermediates (Schmid et al., 2001). uncaring enzymes and whole cell biocatalysts are normally apply to wee-wee optically unpolluted compounds. Isolated enzymes are generally employ for the aim of the catalysis of hydrolytic and i just aboutri sation chemical answers whereas whole cells are typically used for celluloid answers (Schmid et al., 2001). both(prenominal) of them present some advantages and disadvantages. The disadvantages of using whole cells in the biocatalysis reactions are varied. For instance, substrate pinpoint might be toxic and results to death of cell or the size of substrate blood corpuscle might be so immense that cannot pass by t switch off layer or there may be other enzymes in the cell that acts on the kindred substrate and arrange to the doing more(prenominal) than one compound (Wubbolts et al., 1994). In spite of these disadvantages, no exigency for cycle process of co-enzyme makes them good candidate to be used in biocatalysis because of the economic factors.The rapid increase in the development of question area of protein engineering, including molecular evolution, and enzyme engineering, has resulted in rapid growth of biocatalysis. The protein engineering delivers molecule with modified structure, function and selectivity, in aqueous environment whereas, the enzyme engineering leads to rum improvement particularly in original result. Using organic dissolving agent provides many advantages such as prouder substrate solubility, modified enzyme specifity that results in the new and higher enzymatic activity that previously were merely workable using genetic modifications or complex reaction path rooms in typeface the cell. As a consequence, applications of biocatalysis in organic environment vary from chiral steadiness of pharmaceutical intermediates, chemical compounds to enantio- and regioselective polymerisation (Schmid et al., 2001).The use of biocatalysis in the application for the deductive reasoning of synthetic compounds has been significantly increased as the use of biocatalytic process for producing industrial intermediate has become easier. Biocatalytic reactions can be per create in the organic solvents and as well water. This allo ws selective and efficient novelty of both water fat-soluble and apolar organic molecules using biocatalytically sprightly cells or molecules.The return of optically active substances is an area of growing demand in the fine chemical industry and biocatalysis has developed from a niche technology to a commonly used manufacturing order. The selectivity and cushy operational conditions of biocatalysists are increasingly applied in industry to modify complex target molecules. (Panke et al., 2004).General Overview of Transaminases Different classes of transaminases -classificationAminotransferases (EC 2.6.1.X) are the group of enzymes that take a significant role in the transamination reactions. They involve in the exchange of atomic number 8 from alfa keto acid and amine from an amino acid, thus, they remove the amino group from the amino acid and transfer it to alfa keto acid and converting it into amino acid (Mehta et al., 1993). Using aminotransferases in the biocatalysis pr ovides many advantages over other group enzymes for the ingatheringion of chiral compounds. The reasons which make them so attractive are being able to act on wide range of substrate, having rapid reaction rates, no destiny for cofactor recycling (Taylor et al., 1998).Their relaxed substrate specificity, rapid reaction rates and no fatality for external cofactor regeneration makes transaminase enzymes attractive biocatalysts compared with chemical methods for the production of chiral aminesA considerable number of -transaminases have been identified until recently. Diamine-ketoglutaric TA is the early identified enzyme that converts the compounds bearing no carboxylic acid (Kim, 1964). It is classified as -AT and is a member of sub-class 2 aminotransferases (Mehta et al., 1993). -TA enzymes are known as -Alapyruvate TAs (EC 2.6.1.18) because they use pyruvate as the amine holdor (Kaulmann et al., 2007). champion of the best identified members of this group enzymes are quaran tined from V. fluvialis JS17. This enzyme does not show any activity towards -Ala but it shows broad substrate specifity towards particularly redolent(p) amines and (S)-enantiomers (Shin et al, 2002). It was purified and its enzymatic properties were characterised. Its molecular mass was determined to be 100 kDa and fractional monetary unit mas determined to be 50 kDa. Its optiumum pH is 9.2 and best temperature is 37 oC. Its activity increased with pyruvate and PLP but it is inactivated with (S)--methylbenzylamine. The result indicates that this is an amine pyruvate transaminase (Shin et al., 2003). The -AT disjunct from Bacillus thuringiensis JS64 is extremely enantioselective towards -methylbenzylamine (Shin and Kim, 1998). The -AT isolated from Pseudomonas sp. F-126 is an isologous alpha 4 tetramer. The subunit is rich in secondary structure and consists of deuce domains. PLP is laid in the massive domain. It shows high homology with AspAT. This consequence reveals that t hese enzymes have common evolutionary features (Watanabe et al., 1989). In contrast to -transaminase catalyzed reactions to produce -amino acids, -transaminase reactions are not limited by a low counterpoise constant during the energizing gag law (Shin and Kim, 1998).The enzymatic properties of three -TAs from Klebsiella pneumonia JS2F, Bacillus thuringiensis JS64 and vibrio fluvialis JS17 were compared to understand their mechanism and application towards production of chiral amines. All enzymes showed high enantioselectivity towards (S)--MBA and broad specifity for arylic and aliphatic chiral amines. In addition to pyruvate, aldehydes showed high amino acceptor activities. All enzymes were inhibited by substrate, (S)--MBA, above 200mM tautness. Only Vibrio fluvialis JS17 -TA was inhibited by pyruvate above 10mM. The enzyme was not only inhibited by substrate but also inhibited by product. In the product suppression case acetophenone and alanine are the main inhibitors but ac etophenone is much more effective than alanine (Shin and Kim, 2001).Aminotransferases have been classified by Mehta and co-workers into four sub-groups fit to their primary structure similarity (Table 1) (Mehta et al., 1993).Table 1. Classification of aminotransferases on the basis of structural similarities (Mehta et al., 1993)CUsersadnanDesktopsub-groups of enzymes.pngThe members of subgroup 1 aminotransferases are Aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT), Alanin aminotransferase (AlaAT), aromatic amino acid transferase and histidine aminotransferase. Subgroup 1 aminotransferases are demonstrated to be the well-nigh respective(a) ones among the all subgroup hence they are able to react with alanine, dicarboxylic and aromatic amino acids. In one of the studies it was shown that the substrate specifity of AspAT and tyrosine aminotransferase overlap. This finding is base on the research which demonstrated the mitochondrial and cytosolic isoenzymes of aspartate aminotransferase from chi cken heart accept L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine and L-tryptophan as substrates (Mavrides and Christen, 1978).Group 2 aminotransferases include ornithine AT, -AT, 4-aminobutyrate AT (GABA-AT,). They are all known as omega transaminase because of the location of the amine group. In these enzymes amino group is in a distal position from the carboxylic acid group on the amine donor substrate. (Sayer, 2009 PhD thesis).Both of the ornithine aminotransferase (Orn-AT) and 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase (GABA-AT) are pyridoxal-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzymes that have been identified in human, plants and animals until recently. Both enzymes catalyse a wide range of reactions on amino acids (Storici et al., 1999 Markova et al., 2005). Each enzyme catalyses the transamination reactions by a ping-pong bi-bi mechanism. The mechanism comprises two-one-half reactions. The half-reaction converting ketoglutarate to glutamate is the same for all transaminases. Therefore, the change in substrate spe cifity is resulted from the second half reaction in which an amino group is transferred distant from the -carbon. As a result of this, these enzymes have been identified as omega transaminases (Markova et al., 2005).GABA aminotransaminase is a PLP dependent and Fe-S cluster containing enzyme which involves in edict of the concentration of major inhibitory neuro-transmitter GABA. This enzyme degrades GABA to succinic semialdehyde (Storici et al., 1999).Subgroup 3 aminotransaminases are BcaaAT and D-alanine aminotransferase (DaAT). The amino acid substrates of the two members of subgroup 3 enzymes have different chirality but they share the same oxo-acid as substrate. Subgroup 4 aminotransferases include SerAT and pSerAT. The two members of this group act on structurally and biosynthetically related substrates (Mehta et al., 1993).Grishin and co-workers further classified all PLP-dependent enzymes and aminotransferases categorizing them according to their PLP folds (Grishin et al., 1 995). Similar outcomes were obtained with Mehtas classification. i of the classifications has been performed by John shelter in which he classified -ATs in four groups according to their substrate specifity.1. -alanine-ketoglutarate aminotransferase, highly specific substrate activity.2. MBA (-alanine)pyruvate aminotransferase, broad substrate specificity.3. MBApyruvate aminotransferase, broad substrate specificity but inactive on -alanine.4. -alanine (MBA)pyruvate aminotransferase, broad substrate specificity.(Sayer, 2009 PhD thesis).The -AT from Chromobacterium violaceum belongs to the sub-group 3. The research which was conducted by Kaulmann and co-workers demonstrated that his enzyme does not show any activity towards -alanine where as it has relatively broad substrate specifity against aromatic, aliphatic amines and amino-alcohols. It has a molecular weight of 51 kDa and shows 38% sequence identity to the -AT from V. fluvialis JS17 (Kaulmann et al., 2007).PLP-DEPENDENT ENZY MESPLP is an important cofactor for amino acid metabolism. PLP-dependent enzymes catalyse a wide range of reactions such as transamination, decarboxylation, racemisation, aldol condensation, ,-elimination and ,-elimination of amino acids, and amine oxidation (Soda et al., 2001). PLP forms a covalent bound with the substrate molecule and performs as an electrophilic catalyst (Percudani and Peracchi, 2003). The mechanistic studies revealed two key chemical qualitys of the cofactor an imine is formed between aldehyde group of PLP and amino group of substrates. The other basic characteristic of the cofactor is being able to perform as electron sink and with displace electron from substrate compounds (John, 1995).In 1974, it was hypothesised that the complete family of PLP-dependent enzymes had evolved from a common ancestor. They proposed this hypothesis the result of the investigating of the mechanism of the seven PLP-dependent enzymes. It was find that protonation of the C4 carbon o f the coenzyme proceeds stereospecifically with the same stereo-face in all different enzymes. This result is is explained as proof for the evolution of complete family of PLP-dependent enzymes from a common ancestorial protein (Dunathan and Voet, 1974).REACTION MECHANISM OF TRANSAMINASESThe aminated form of PLP, pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PMP), appears only in the transamination reactions (Fig. 1). Transamination reactions basically comprise of two half reactions. In the first step, the aldimine is deprotonated to be converted into a quinoid intermediate, which in act accepts a proton at a different position to form a ketimine. The resulting ketimine is hydrolysed leaving PMP behind which performs as an amine donor in the second half-reaction. PLP is subsequently recycled. PMP interacts with the apoenzyme via only non-covalent interactions, whereas, PLP is covalently bound to the active site lysine residue of the enzyme molecule. Apotransaminases have been identified to bind PMP abou t 100-fold less tightly than PLP. PMP can be displaced from the enzyme with high concentrations of sulphate or phosphate ions (Schell et al., 2009).CUsersadnanDesktop.gifScheme 1. The first half reaction mechanism of aminotransferases (Adapted from Schell et al., 2009).STRUCTURE OF the Chromobacterial OMEGA TRANSAMINASEThe C. violaceum -AT is the first enzyme among -aminene pyruvate AT whose structure was canvassd in detail using X-ray. The C. violaceum -AT protomer is folded into two domains similar to other class II aminotransferases that were classified by Mehta and co-workers based on their primary structure similarity. The enzyme comprises of a large domain which includes residues 62-343 and a relatively small domain containing the N and C-terminal parts of the polypeptide chain residues between 6-61 and 344-456. The large domain has a typical // sandwich fold constituted a central seven stranded -sheet and helix-loop-helix segment. The small domain is constituted mostly of t he C-terminus which is comprises of -sheet that is packed against helices. The overall protein fold is embodyed in figure 1 (Sayer, 2009 PhD thesis). judge 1. The tertiary structure of the C. violaceum -AT promoter. The -strands are tagged as S, -helices are marked as H (Sayer, 2009).As it was mentioned previously the aminotransferases require PLP as a cofactor. The enzyme was crystallised with PLP to investigate the covering interactions of PLP with active site residues. The cofactor is cogitate to the active site lysine residue through covalent bond forming lysine-pyridoxal-5-phosphate in all four sub-units. The PLP binding site is demonstrated to be ascertain between small and large domains at the interface of the two sub-units. The oxygen atoms of phosphate moiety interact with the main-chain amides of Gly120, Ser121 and the side chain of Ser121. The carboxyl group of Asp259 is located within hydrogen bond distance to the pyridine nitrogen of PLP. Aspartic acid is interacte d with Val261 and Histidine154. The interactions are demonstrated in figure 2 (ibid).plp_contactsFigure 2. stereophonic administration diagram of the C. violaceum haloenzyme active site. Stick model represents the lysine-PLP Schiff base. Yellow dot lines represent hydrogen bonds and the interacting residues are shown as lines. Neighbouring subunit residues are demonstrated by *.The structure of C. violaceum -AT gabaculine complex is also solved. Gabaculine is a naturally occurring inhibitor and first isolated from Streptomyces toyacaensis as an inhibitor of GABA-AT (Kobayashi et al., 1977). Gabaculine interacts to the aminotransferase forming Schiff base with PLP as the m-carboxyphenylpyridoxamine phosphate (mCPP) ligand in the subunit A. The inhibitor molecule is interacted to the enzyme on the re face of the cofactor at the bottom of the active site. A salt bridge is formed between carboxyl group of gabaculine and side chain of Arg416. Despite the fact that -AT act on the substr ates that do not contain carboxyl groups, amine derivatives that bear a carboxyl group will be orientated by Arg416. The gabaculine is surrounded by Trp60, Ala231, Ile262, Leu59 and His318 from the neighbouring subunit to the bound cofactor. The hydrophobic pocked is formed through this interaction.. The interaction between active site residues and m CCP is indicated in figure 3.gaba_lines_stereoFigure 3. Stereoview of the C. violaceum -AT bound with gabaculine in the presence mCPP ligand (represented with stick) and amino acid residues within 4.5 . Residues from the neighbouring subunit to the bound cofactor are demonstrates as *.The structure of C. violaceum -AT with pyruvate-PLP complex was solved to investigate active site pyruvate binding pocket (Figure 4). The carboxyl group of pyruvate forms a salt bridge with Arg416 and a hydrogen bond to the indole nitrogen of Trp60. The overall pocket is hydrophobic made up by the residues Tyr168, Phe22, Phe88, Leu59, Ala231 and Ile262.pyr _linesFigure 4. Stereoview of the binding interaction of the C. violaceum -AT with pyruvate-PLP complex is demonstrated as stick model. Hydrogen bonds are represented in yellow colour, * shows residues from the adjacent subunit to the bound cofactor.BIOTECHNOLOGICAL act OF OMEGA TRANSAMINASESA number of important parameter such as enantioselectivity, reaction equilibrium stability of enzyme, effect of inhibitors, and product separation essential be taken into account in order to perform sure-fire kinetic proclamation and asymmetric synthesis for the synthesis of enantiomerically pure amines (Kim et al., 2003).Enantiomerically pure amines can be synthesized using two fundamental methods that employ -ATs. iodine of them is kinetic closing that performs on racemic amines the other one is asymmetric synthesis starting with prochiral ketones that together correspond to the transamination reaction run forward and in reverse subsequently. Amines with opposite conformation are attain able if the same omega transaminase in kinetic resolution or asymmetric synthesis. For instance, if (S)-enantiomer is observed during asymmetric synthesis, the same enzyme will produce the (R)-enantiomer in the kinetic resolution (Koszelewski et al., 2010).Despite the fact that, asymmetric synthesis permits a 100% yield of demanded optically pure compound, it has been preferred less in recent term due to the difficulties related to reaction equilibrium and stereoselectivity. The stereoselectivity of the enzyme molecule to produce amines must be high with ee value of 99%, but it is almost unworkable for the available -transaminase (ibid).Kinetic ResolutionIn some reaction an enzymatic reaction is performed between a chiral molecule and a racemic acid mixture. In this case kinetic resolution occurs resulting to a kinetic preference, for one of the enantiomer over the other enantiomer (Novasep, 2010). The significance of kinetic resolution has unmistakably increased as the importanc e of optically pure amines has increased. One group of enzymes that have resulted in the production of optically active compounds are transaminases.One of the simplest techniques for investigating kinetic resolution of chiral primary amines involves the employment of a stoichiometric equivalent of the amino acceptor. In this approach, the thermodynamic equilibrium is on the product side and comprises the enantiomerically rich amine, ketone and amino acids. The main positive side of this method is that it demand only -AT (Koszelewski et al., 2010).As it is mentioned previously this method has been used commonly but it has two main drawbacks that ketone product and starting pyruvate molecule cause an inhibitory effect on the -TAs enzymes (Yun et al., 2005). Different strategies have been developed to get across these problems.The -TA from Vibrio uvialis JS17 has been identified to show high enantioselectivity for the (S) enantiomers of various chiral amines, such as -MBA and sec-but ylamine, with remarkable stability and a high reaction rate (Shin and Kim, 1998). Nevertheless, production of ketone may result in the ban of the enzyme preventing it to show its activity (Shin and Kim, 1997). A restricted solution to this issue was using an extractive biphasic reaction system that bring down the inhibitory acetophenone concentration in the aqueous physique angle (ibid). However, in this system the organic phase interacts with aqueous phase and acts as extractant of acetophenone. To keep the concentration of acetophenone in the aqueous phase at low levels, the aqua phase was unavoidable because the exchange the organic extractant need to control the aqueous pH with acid to neutralise basic -MBA diffused from the organic phase also made the process complex. An enzyme-membrane reactor (EMR) coupled with hollow-fiber membrane contractor was utilize for the production of chiral amines and to get over the problems in a two-liquid phase reaction system. In the EMR sy stem, to preserve the extraction capacity, a simple exchange of solvent in the organic reservoir and pH control are required to transfer only acetophenone through the contractor. Other advantage of this system over two-liquid phase reaction system is confining the enzyme in the reactor with ultrafiltration membrane eases reuse of enzyme. The main problem with this system could possibly be the economics of the availability of purified enzyme because a sufficiently high-circulation rate of sunstrate solution is desirable to sign time and minimize the product inhibition (Shin et al., 2001).An effective synthesis of enantiopure (S)-amino acids and chiral (R)-amines was carried out using /-AT coupling reaction and -AT was found to be inhibited by ketone product. To remove inhibitory reaction product a two-liquid phase reaction system in which dioctylpthalate was selected as solvent to achieve the best system. One of the most important advantages of /-AT coupling reaction over aqueous phase is that it can be carried out at high substrate concentrations to put to death industrial large scale production of chiral amine and amino acid compounds (Cho et al., 2003).A concept has been developed to improve rate and enantioselectivity in -AT-catalysed kinetic resolution using a protection group. For this purpose the kinetic resolution of 3-aminopyrrolidine and 3-aminopiperidine with -AT was expedited using a protective group. 1-N-Cbz-protected group. Upon application of protective group the reaction rate was 50-fold higher. Enantioselectivity was also considerably increased upon carbamate protection in comparision with the vulnerable compound (86 vs.99 ee%). However, benzyl protection of former substrate did not affect enantioselectivity because of the difference in the flexibility of the benzyl- or carbamate-protected 3-aminopyrrolidine. Despite of 50% yield limitation in kinetic resolution, this strategy is an efficient way to synthesise enantiopure 3-aminopyrrolidin es (Hhne et al., 2008).The other approach to overmaster product inhibition by aliphatic ketones is using an enrichment culture in combination with random mutagenesis for production and purification of mutant -TA. This technique is mainly based on using 2-aminoheptane as amine donor and nitrogen source in token(prenominal) medium, and 2-butanone as an inhibitory ketone. Consequently, the higher growth rates of mutants resistant to inhibition allow them to be enriched in culture reducing the number of colonies that needs to be screened. A mutant enzyme, -TAmla, which shows significantly reduced product inhibition by ketone, was determined. Using this mutant enzyme 2-aminoheptanone was resolved to (R)-2-aminoheptane with ee value99, 53% conversion and enantioselectivity of 100 (Yun et al., 2005).b) Asymmetric synthesisPerforming an asymmetric synthesis reaction is not as easy as kinetic resolution reactions because of unconvenient equilibrium and product inhibition. The main advantag e of asymmetric synthesis over kinetic resolution is resulting 100% yield in the production of desired optically pure amine. However, side products may affect the enzyme catalysed reaction therefore, these problems must be overcome to apply successful asymmetric synthesis (Koszelewski et al., 2010).One of the easiest methods for amination involves applying an redundant of amine donor due to the necessity of only a single transaminase. Nevertheless, the issue here is the reaction equilibrium and potential inhibition by co-product and excess of starting an amine. In one of the studies, alanine was applied in 16-fold excess for the amination of 4-methoxyphenylacetone with 94% conversion (Nakamichi et al., 1990 Koszelewski et al., 2010).To overcome pyruvate inhibition problem two enzyme system has been used. One of the commonly used method involves Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)-reduction of pyruvate. One-pot, two-step dereacemisation cascade reaction was employed to lead to the productio n of optically pure pharmaceutical intermediates through kinetic resolution and following stereoselective amination. The main advantage of this cascade reaction is circumventing the restriction of kinetic resolution (50% conversion) leading high yield of optically pure amines. In the second step, side product pyruvate was removed using lactate dehydrogenase to shift the equilibrium to the product side. The disadvantage of this system is unavoidableness for coenzyme recycling (Koszelewski et al., 2009). The use of whole cells is hindered by the reason that undesired side reaction such as the reduction of alcohol to ketone products. In one of the studies it was shown that the equilibrium can be shifted using pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC). Decarboxylation of pyruvate to produce acetaldehyde and carbon dioxide with PDC is more advantageous than LDH-catalysed reduction of pyruvate owing to no requirement for cofactor recycling (Hhne et al., 2008).One of the important examples of asymmet ric synthesis is the amination reaction of acetophenone with alanine for the objective of producing (S)--MBA. The equilibrium constant of the reaction is 8.8110-4 and (S)--MBA and pyruvate are more reactive substrates than acetophenone and alanine (Shin and Kim, 1999).The stereoselectivity of C. violaceum TA-mediated amination of an ,-dihydroxyketone, 1.3-dihydroxy-1-phenylpropane-2-one, was investigated. It was shown that the enzyme is not enantioselective towards the racemic 1.3-dihydroxy-1-phenylpropane-2-one, whereas it is highly stereoselective for the (2S)-2-amino-1-phenyl-1,3-propanediols in 99% ee (Smithies et al., 2009).CONCLUSION AND AIMS OF PROJECTAfter drawing various analyses, the general overview, structure, mechanism and biotechnological applications of -transaminases were reviewed in order to shed some lights on the characteristics of the -transaminases. Transaminases have been used broadly owing to its capacity to produce amino acids and chiral compounds which are i mportant for pharmaceutical industries. Transaminases have been divided to sub-groups according to their substrate specifities and structure. Transaminases, under sub-group 2 are known as -AT because the distal amino group of the substrate undergoes the reaction and include OrnTA, GABA-TA and -amino acidpyruvate AT. Among them the most important one is -amino acidpyruvate AT due to the reason that only this enzyme shows catalytic activity towards primary and aliphatic amines bearing no carboxyl group. The other advantages of -TAs are having broad substrate specifity, high enantioselectivity and no requirement for the cofactor recycling. Two main biotechnological applications of -ATs are asymmetric synthesis and kinetic resolution. They have both advantage and disadvantage over each other. The disadvantages of kinetic resolution are being subjected to pyruvate and ketone inhibition and having 50% yield. The asymmetric synthesis results in 100% yield for the manufacturing of desired o ptically pure amine. However, product may cause to the inhibition of the enzyme. To overcome these problems some approaches have been developed including biphasic reaction system, using enzyme-membrane reactor (EMR) coupled with hollow-fiber membrane contractor, using protective groups.The aim of this project is to purify and crystallise the -AT enzymes and characterise their subsrate specifity.