Book Report The Disciple Making Church Bill Hull author Essay

Book Report The Disciple Making Church Bill Hull author - Essay Example True, with the many religions making up the society right now, there had been a branched out reasoning as to what Christianity actually pertains to. The doctrines that it posses, according to Millard Erickson, author of the book Introducing Christian Doctrine, Christianity could be identified and assessed. In this Chapter Summary Review, the different points presented through the book of Millard shall be noted so as to give a brief overview of the different parts of the author's understanding of Christianity. Theology, as a primary study of God and his ways has actually affected the society for several years of human civilization already. From generation to generation though, the human knowledge about God also changes. With the emergence of philosophical ideas that govern the human society today, the belief about an existing God has been inevitably considered as an important part of the development of the lives of human today. Such belief even assisted the human generations in becoming concerned with their moral standards in life and the way that they follow such guidelines with the things and situations that they are further expected to deal with in life everyday. From this particular part of the discussion featured by the author, he has mentioned that it is indeed necessary that the human society today be able to recognize the major issues with regards the existence of God thus making them realize how much they are supposed to be affected by the said fact about a more superior persona living beyond their understanding. Along with this, understanding about the Bible is actually the main procedure by which a person could learn much about who God is. Certainly, studying and understanding the Bible is the basis of real and trustworthy foundation of theology. Understanding the Bible is not that easy to do. The context of the entire book stresses a certain deepness that is not that easy to comprehend with. Certainly, the procedure in studying the Bible is then perceived to have more complicated vitalities. How then could an individual understand the Bible without actually going to theological institutions and getting a formal education Are individ ual owners of the Bible given the privilege to understand the Bible Certainly! The Bible is made available and understandable to anybody wanting to gain knowledge from it. Furthermore, the author adds the need to create leaders who would be able to naturally increase the possibility of further making a better ministering process of the churches today. Critical Analysis Understanding the Bible is not that easy to do. The context of the entire book stresses a certain deepness that is not that easy to comprehend with. Certainly, the procedure in studying the Bible is then perceived to have more complicated vitalities. How then could an individual understand the Bible without actually going to theological institutions and getting a formal education Are individual owners of the Bible given the privilege to understand the Bible Certainly! The Bible is made available and understandable to anybody wanting to gain knowledge from it. Elements of Scriptural Convincing Before an individual even starts to study the Bible, he must be primarily convinced that he really believes the principles and the laws that are found in the Bible. How does one assure himself of this truth The following elements shall help him have a

The Work of the Prophets order Essay Example for Free

The Work of the Prophets order Essay Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Prophets of the Old Testament times are known to be people who speak for God. They are God’s messengers whose sole job was to proclaim the word of the Lord to His people. In short, they are God’s mouthpiece. There are however misconceptions and confusions as to the exact work of the prophet. This essay will try to elaborate on the true work of the prophet. Certain Confusions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The work of the prophet is commonly misconceived by many well-meaning people. Most of these, revere, and regard the Bible as the Word of God, and therefore authoritative in life. However, confusion has wreaked havoc in their understanding of the true nature of prophetic writings because these people misunderstood the prophets themselves. A wrong perception of the personalities of these messengers of God has led to wrong interpretations of their writings. One prevailing false impression of the prophets generally is in the area of their mental state. Usually, they are perceived as people who were not in their normal state of mind especially while they were receiving their prophecies from God and while they were fulfilling their task of prophesying to Old Testament kings and the people of Israel. Their whole personalities, as well as their public functions, are veiled with mystery or paranormal occurrences. For example, some think that these prophets of Old were people who from time to time would experience some kind of a trance, a state of dazed existence, at certain occasions to receive their messages, much like the pagan prophets of Baal and other ancient religions of those times. This is a false notion of a biblical prophet, of course (Pratt Jr, thirdmill.org). Prophets have come to be known as such, not because they are primarily mystics who during several special occasions went through beyond normal encounters with God, but because they are messengers of God who proclaimed God’s word to Israel and remind them at certain times the forgotten laws of their Lord. Prophets are prophets because God must have His choiced spokespersons to deliver His word to His people. And so, they are normal persons with normal personalities like any other ordinary citizen of Israel. In fact, they have come from all walks of life in the nation of Israel. Some of them were statesmen like Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Daniel. Others like Zechariah came from levitical backgrounds; Amos, on the other hand was a shepherd and a farmer. Certain marks distinguished these people as prophets of God: they were chosen by God (Jer.1:5), they were people with heightened sensitivity to the holiness of God and the evils of men (Am.8:4-6), and they were people whose words they carry were not really theirs but God’s, hence, they were able to predict future events. As to the hyper-sensitivity of biblical prophets to evils in society, they were somewhat beyond the normal. The otherwise normal occurrences in life such as falsehood, injustice, hypocrisy, misery, etc., were magnified in their consciences by their knowledge of the laws of God (Heschel, 1962). With regards to sin, because it is the major problem with which God has been dealing with His people Israel since their inception, the prophets were so keen to highlight. Jeremiah prophesied doom for the non-repentance of Israel (Jer.1:16), and that they would eventually go into exile for their sins. The prophesy was historically fulfilled during the reign of Nebuchadnezzar (597 BC). In spite of the imminent judgment of exile on the people of God, the prophets pronounced a yet coming day when God would show His long-term eternal plan to redeem His people through the Messiah who would come first as a Suffering Servant (Isa.52-53). Through the coming Messiah, God would deal with the sin problem decisively and restore His people by making a New Covenant with them not like the one which God made in the time of Moses (Jer.31:31-33). Through the prophets then, God has clearly revealed His permanent hatred of sin, His righteousness, and everlasting plan for His people. References: Heschel, Abraham J. 1962. The Prophets: An Introduction. Harper Row Publishers. Holy Bible. New King James Version. 2002. Pratt, Richard Jr. http://thirdmill.org/seminary/catalog/herm/hgup/detail.asp/site/iiim/category/catalog

Parental Pressure Within High School Students Essay -- essays research

Parental Pressure within High School Students I. I became interested in this topic because my entire academic life has been filled with pressure from my parents. This pressure was mainly in school and grades, and in high school, the amount of pressure increased dramatically. This is because my parents now realized that everything in high school counts towards college. When I first came to high school, my grades were not as good as they were in middle school. I needed a little time to adapt to high school before I could improve my grades. During this time, my parents became upset because I brought home a report card that was not as good as they were expecting. Then I really noticed the pressure getting higher and higher. I did not only notice this with me, but I noticed this with many of my friends. I heard phrases like â€Å"My parents are going to kill me† and â€Å"I'm going to be grounded for 10 years† many times so when the opportunity to do research on this came up, I chose this as my subject. II. How does parental pressure influence students in high school? If there is an influence, is it positive or negative? I would like to do research on this because it raised my curiosity. For me personally, I do better in school if I am calm and have little pressure, but there might be students out there at Ramapo High School that think differently. These are some of the things that I will try to find out through this I-Search. III. At the beginning of my search, I had a really hard time finding secondary sources. First, I went to the school library. Since the school library has this computer program called BELS, there was no need to go to the other libraries. BELS is a program that lists all the books in Franklin Lakes, Wyckoff, and Oakland. It is a network that unites the two public libraries and the one in Indian Hills. I then went to an article search. I had no luck here either. When I went home, I went on America Online to try to find some articles or any secondary sources. I went to the article search and still found nothing. After a few days, I asked the school librarian to help me find some books. She guided me to a section that had books about social problems. Luckily, I found two books on families and parents. These were two good books, but I still needed at least one more to fulfill my requirement. I w... ... Kelly states, â€Å" My whole family is smart, and they all go (or went) to good colleges." In the issue of pressure affecting their school performance, Tyler said that he has a good amount of pressure and that without it, he would probably do worse. Kelly on the other hand, said that she would do a lot better if she had less pressure from her parents. Being a good parent means being there and having confidence in a child. A parent should provide outstretched arms for a safe place when the child might need it. The child should be relaxed and should be enjoying school. Maybe the child will get good grades because he/she wants to (Webb pg.25). Works Cited Gaillard, Lee â€Å"Hands Off Homework?† Education Week 14 December 1994 Guetzloe, Elennor C. Youth Suicide: What the Educators Should Know. New York: The Council for Exceptional Children, 1989. Leaman, Kelly - interview Mills, Tyler - interview Rubin, Dr. Jeffrey and Dr. Carol When Families Fight. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc. 1989 Webb, Margot Coping with Overprotective Parents. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. 1990

Part Five Chapter IV

IV A misty blue sky stretched like a dome over Pagford and the Fields. Dawn light shone upon the old stone war memorial in the Square, on the cracked concrete faà §ades of Foley Road, and turned the white walls of Hilltop House pale gold. As Ruth Price climbed into her car ready for another long shift at the hospital, she looked down at the River Orr, shining like a silver ribbon in the distance, and felt how completely unjust it was that somebody else would soon have her house and her view. A mile below, in Church Row, Samantha Mollison was still sound asleep in the spare bedroom. There was no lock on the door, but she had barricaded it with an armchair before collapsing, semi-dressed, onto the bed. The beginnings of a vicious headache disturbed her slumber, and the sliver of sunshine that had penetrated the gap in the curtains fell like a laser beam across the corner of one eye. She twitched a little, in the depths of her dry-mouthed, anxious half-sleep, and her dreams were guilty and strange. Downstairs, among the clean, bright surfaces of the kitchen, Miles sat bolt upright and alone with an untouched mug of tea in front of him, staring at the fridge, and stumbling again, in his mind's eye, upon his drunken wife locked in the embrace of a sixteen-year-old schoolboy. Howard Mollison was sleeping soundly and happily in his double bed. The patterned curtains dappled him with pink petals and protected him from a rude awakening, but his rattling wheezing snores had roused his wife. Shirley was eating toast and drinking coffee in the kitchen, wearing her glasses and her candlewick dressing gown. She visualized Maureen swaying arm in arm with her husband in the village hall and experienced a concentrated loathing that took the taste from every mouthful. In the Smithy, a few miles outside Pagford, Gavin Hughes soaped himself under a hot shower and wondered why he had never had the courage of other men, and how they managed to make the right choices among almost infinite alternatives. There was a yearning inside him for a life he had glimpsed but never tasted, yet he was afraid. Choice was dangerous: you had to forgo all other possibilities when you chose. Kay Bawden was lying awake and exhausted in bed in Hope Street, listening to the early morning quiet of Pagford and watching Gaia, who was asleep beside her in the double bed, pale and drained in the early daylight. There was a bucket next to Gaia on the floor, placed there by Kay, who had half carried her daughter from bathroom to bedroom in the early hours, after holding her hair out of the toilet for an hour. ‘Why did you make us come here?' Gaia had wailed, as she choked and retched over the bowl. ‘Get off me. Get off. I fuck – I hate you.' Kay watched the sleeping face and recalled the beautiful little baby who had slept beside her, sixteen years ago. She remembered the tears that Gaia had shed when Kay had split up with Steve, her live-in partner of eight years. Steve had attended Gaia's parents' evenings and taught her to ride a bicycle. Kay remembered the fantasy she had nurtured (with hindsight, as silly as four-year-old Gaia's wish for a unicorn) that she would settle down with Gavin and give Gaia, at last, a permanent stepfather, and a beautiful house in the country. How desperate she had been for a storybook ending, and a life to which Gaia would always want to return; because her daughter's departure was hurtling towards Kay like a meteorite, and she foresaw the loss of Gaia as a calamity that would shatter her world. Kay reached out a hand beneath the duvet and held Gaia's. The feel of the warm flesh that she had accidentally brought into the world made Kay start to weep, quietly, but so violently that the mattress shook. And at the bottom of Church Row, Parminder Jawanda slipped a coat on over her nightdress and took her coffee into the back garden. Sitting in the chilly sunlight on a wooden bench, she saw that it was promising to be a beautiful day, but there seemed to be a blockage between her eyes and her heart. The heavy weight on her chest deadened everything. The news that Miles Mollison had won Barry's seat on the Parish Council had not been a surprise, but on seeing Shirley's neat little announcement on the website, she had known another flicker of that madness that had overtaken her at the last meeting: a desire to attack, superseded almost at once by stifling hopelessness. ‘I'm going to resign from the council,' she told Vikram. ‘What's the point?' ‘But you like it,' he had said. She had liked it when Barry had been there too. It was easy to conjure him up this morning, when everything was quiet and still. A little, ginger-bearded man; she had been taller than him by half a head. She had never felt the slightest physical attraction towards him. What was love, after all? thought Parminder, as a gentle breeze ruffled the tall hedge of leyland cypresses that enclosed the Jawandas' big back lawn. Was it love when somebody filled a space in your life that yawned inside you, once they had gone? I did love laughing, thought Parminder. I really miss laughing. And it was the memory of laughter that, at last, made the tears flow from her eyes. They trickled down her nose and into her coffee, where they made little bullet holes, swiftly erased. She was crying because she never seemed to laugh any more, and also because the previous evening, while they had been listening to the jubilant distant thump of the disco in the church hall, Vikram had said, ‘Why don't we visit Amritsar this summer?' The Golden Temple, the holiest shrine of the religion to which he was indifferent. She had known at once what Vikram was doing. Time lay slack and empty on her hands as never before in her life. Neither of them knew what the GMC would decide to do with her, once it had considered her ethical breach towards Howard Mollison. ‘Mandeep says it's a big tourist trap,' she had replied, dismissing Amritsar at a stroke. Sukhvinder had crossed the lawn without Parminder noticing. She was dressed in jeans and a baggy sweatshirt. Parminder hastily wiped her face and squinted at Sukhvinder, who had her back to the sun. ‘I don't want to go to work today.' Parminder responded at once, in the same spirit of automatic contradiction that had made her turn down Amritsar. ‘You've made a commitment, Sukhvinder.' ‘I don't feel well.' ‘You mean you're tired. You're the one who wanted this job. Now you fulfil your obligations.' ‘But – ‘ ‘You're going to work,' snapped Parminder, and she might have been pronouncing sentence. ‘You're not giving the Mollisons another reason to complain.' After Sukhvinder walked back to the house Parminder felt guilty. She almost called her daughter back, but instead she made a mental note that she must try and find time to sit down with her and talk to her without arguing.

Pride and Prejudice: Letter to Mrs Elizabeth Bennet Essay

Several days ago, I deemed to explain to you the idea of an ‘accomplished’ woman, conversely due to the lack of explanation the description conveyed was rather uninformative and tedious. Consequently, I write in another attempt to clarify my points, as I am not one who is virtuous at expressing myself verbally. Women are to be perfect with a decent family background, impeccable manners and perfect etiquette. Though an ‘accomplished’ woman must also have talents in music, drawing, dancing and a modern language to deserve the word. Such expected features apply to the women of your class. Miss Bennet, on that day at Lady Catherine de Bourgh’s estate, I listened vigilantly to the pianoforte being played by you and observed that it requires practice. Such perfection is highly required to those who play the pianoforte, as this justifies you to be an ‘accomplished’ woman. Miss Bennet, as you may know, women of this century must marry and obey men, as we hold all the resources. You and others of your kind have no independent means of subsistence. However, if the woman disapproves on marrying a man, then she will be critically discriminated from both the family and the public. Moreover, very little choice is offered to the women since their possessions, inheritances and earnings become treasures to us men at marriage. Essentially you do not gain anything beside a husband. Conversely, this is not part of the role of becoming an ‘accomplished’ woman but rather what you have to offer to pleasure men. In terms of career, the possibility for you to have a profession is rather low. With strict legislation towards education for women, many courses are barred from allowing the female sex in university. Though, if you truly desire to partake a profession, then a pathway to being a teacher would hold you in the most respectable position in our society. Nonetheless, these offers are only available to the brightest student of age 13 or upward. Nevertheless, women of the upper class, yourself included, would find it more preferable to remain at home and practice perfecting each of the obligations to fulfill the role of an ‘accomplished’ woman. Miss Bennet, this is my idea of an ‘accomplished’ woman. If you are able to fulfill such requests and obligations, then you will become the perfect woman in this society, consequently all men will select you as their wife.

Importance of external factors Essays

Importance of external factors Essays Importance of external factors Essay Importance of external factors Essay In an administration there are several factors influence the growing and public presentation of the administration. There are some factors which are influence the organisation can be controlled by the direction but some factors are beyond the organisation direction control. The factors which are controlled by the administration known as internal factors and factors which are beyond the direction control known as external factors such as Political. economical. societal and proficient factors. Political Factors: For BA political factors are really of import for concern growing. As this company is runing around the universe and involved in air conveyance. country’s political tenseness can halter its normal operation every bit good as the gross income. Economic: economical factor is another of import factor for such company. As still air travel is expensive. people’s ability to go and economic conditions should be considered when be aftering for BA. As an illustration BA faced a immense loss when the European recession started. Technological: Entire concern related to BA is based on the engineering. As the air conveyance sector is excessively competitory. all companies are ever ready to catch the new engineering as a gift for their possible clients. So. as taking company BA ever has to see the technological factors within its concern. Expectations of a stakeholders Stakeholders include those persons. groups. and other organisations who have an involvement in the actions of an organisation and who have the ability to act upon it. The stakeholder attack consistently integrates executives’ concerns about organisational scheme with the organization’s involvements in selling. human resource direction. public dealingss. organisational political relations. and societal duty. This integrative position assumes that an effectual organisation scheme requires consensus from a plurality of cardinal stakeholders about what it should be making and how these things should be done. The degree of stakeholders outlooks are depends on the assorted factors and types of stakeholders in a company. Sing all afcts BA’s stakeholders outlooks are stated below: O Risk direction of the company. o Technological alteration within the company. o Financial and economical public presentation of the company. o Environmental and ethical battle. o Contibution to societal. cultural and economical. O Policy for the future external and internal factors. o Program to turn to any negative impact. o Future development and ends. Major alterations in the external environment As a company in air hose sector BA is runing and has many offices around the universe. So the socio-economic factors irrespective of geographic countries can be a good factor fro its strategic planning procedure. For illustration. BA had closed their all operation and office from most of south Asiatic states due to the uninterrupted loss. The chief ground for that loss was economic bad conditions in that country. Like this many socio-economic factors can be the major issues for BA’s scheme devising. During the political tenseness in middle-east many people ignored to go with BA. which caused a immense loss for its annual gross. Another of import alteration that could impact BA’s scheme is legal issues. BA faced assorted legal duties in different states that played a immense impact on their hereafter staretgy. Many states has different regulations for their air hose sector and BA has to follow those regulations to run its fleet in those states. A SWOT analysis of BA can be included here to measure its possible major alterations in external environment. Strength: ? 1. Merger and Acquisition ? ? 2. Opensky understanding. ? ? 3. Strong trade name image ? ? 4. Expansion of fleet Failing: ? 1. Cost of direction. ? ? 2. Decline profitableness ? ? 3. Labour work stoppage Opportunities: 1. Emergence of new market. ? 2. Increased travel concern in Europe. ? 3. Economic Restoration. Menaces: ? 1. Raising fuel cost. ? 2. Changing of consumers’ behavior. ? 3. Unstable political issues worldwide. PESTEL Analysis In order to mensurate success in air hose industry. en external environmental analysis is really of import. This PESTEL analysis will explicate the BA’s place in the market. peculiarly in footings of rivals and how it measuring to run into its current and future challenges. Factor Key Points Deductions for BA Political 1. Heavy ordinances. 2. Increased security due to past onslaughts. 1. Conformity is indispensable. 2. Sufficient security steps should be in topographic point. Economic 1. Global Economic Crisis. 2. Oil monetary value is non stable. 3. UK consumer saw largest diminution in disbursement. 1. Possible decrease of concern travel. 2. Directly impacting the BA’s cost base. Social Technological 1. UK has an aging population. 2. Increasing unemployment. 1. Online user usually use comparison site. 2. Online engagement and reserve going more popular. 1. Potential chance for growing as older individual will pass more clip in vacation. 2. Increased dickering power for new employees. 1. Increased deal power for both parties. 2. Must guarantee that BA’s remain up to day of the month. Ethical 1. Noise pollution control 2. Cancellations of flight and luggage loss. 1. New statute law. 2. Such ethical issues could hold a damaging consequence on repute if left unsolved. Legal 1. Collusion and monetary value repair. 2. Open skies understanding. 1. Restriction on amalgamations will hold an impact on BA’s proposed confederation with American Airlines. 2. Opportunity for BA and its rivals to freely transport aircraft between the EU and US. Undertaking 2 Analyse the effects of current concern program Any administration has to hold a elaborate program for their concern. This program determines the mission and vision of that administration. The strategic planning squad develop this concern program for the administration. By assesing this program any stakeholder or other external entities can acquire thought about the type and country of concern. There are many tools for analyzing the effects of such program over the administration. These analysis tools includes: SWOT Analysis. Value Chain Analysis. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis etc. To see the effects of concern program on BA. writer will utilize Porter’s Five forces tool here. British Airways- market place. by Porter’s Five forces: Force Strength 1. Competitive Competition: b. BA caters for other flights. c. There are really little diffrentiation between BA and other rivals in footings of pricing. d. Short Haul market is more disconnected by little participants. 2. Power of Supplier: a. Merely two providers for aircrafts. b. BA restricted by exclusive provider of fuel to the airdrome. 3. Power of Buyer: a. For long draw. clients has no pick most of the clip. B. Availability of flight and seats are non plenty c. Price usually changes harmonizing to demand. 4. Menaces to new Entrants: a. Competitive Environment. B. High regulative demands. c. High cost demands. 5. Menaces to replacements: a. Very few direct closed replacements. B. Short Haul flight: Euro Star or Ferry. c. Long Haul flights: No noteworthy replacements. High High Medium High Low Current Market poistion of BA In startegic manageemtn assorted tools are used to analyze the current market place of any administration. These tools are proven proficient analysis tools in direction sector. The analysis tools that largely used for the market place analysis are: BCG Matrix. GAP Analysis. Life Cycle Analysis. Market Share Analysis etc. In order to set about the BA’s current market portion analysis as asked in the class work. writer here used two tools. These are below. BCG matrix Figure 1: BCG Matrix ( Source: Emerald Insight 2012 ) British Airways had a great market portion and low growing in last few old ages. It is apparent that. they did non do any large investing either in their fleet or increasing the finish. which could do them hard currency cow. In recent. they changed their staretgies and concentrating on increasing fleet every bit good as spread outing the geographical market. BA’s another large strategic decesion was amalgamation with Liberia which eventually done on the terminal of 2010. This amalgamation will assist to increase BA’s gross as a one of the top in the avaiation inductry. By making so. BA will non merely bring forth the big sums of money they will besides devour big sum of money per twelvemonth. Therefore the hard currency in every way about nets out. This sort of activities proves that British Airways is going a Star but in slow procedure. Product/Service life rhythm Introduction Phase By the 1920’s Britain had a batch of air hose companies but due to strong competition many private British air bearers were forced out of concern. In 1923 all these companies merged to organize a individual British international air bearer called the Imperial Air conveyance. Meanwhile. the British air passages. had begun to enforce a large menace and competition to imperial air conveyance which resulted in the formation of the British Overseas Airways Cooperation was formed ( BOAC ) that subsequently combined with the BEA and 2 smaller companies formed the British Airways ( BA ) Growth Stage The growing can be easy marked by the debut of the concorde into the BA. In 1985 British Airways was made a public limited company. In February 1987 the denationalization was eventually consummated when 720. 2 million portions of British Airways stock were sold to the populace for one billion lbs. Expansion of fleet and paths were even more noticeable after amalgamations with other bearers like Bcal ( British Caledonian ) . Due to the enlargement of BA. another bearer Laker Airways were besides forced out of concern. This marked how dominant BA was turning out to be in the air bearer sector. Maturity Phase The BA amalgamations assured the laterality of the bearer in the place market secure for the clip being. During this phase confederations and amalgamations made/attempted by BA with other bearers in different markets were legion: Aliiance with Aeroflot in Russia to make Air Russia. Attempted amalgamation with KLM royal Dutch air passages. Broke down due to rating of the two houses. Purchased 25 % of Qantas air hoses in Australia. Gained 49. 9 % of the Gallic. TAT European Airlines. Started a German bearer called Deutsche BA with 49 % ownership. Measure the competitory strength and failing Harmonizing to Jhonson ( 2008 ) . a value concatenation analysis is undertaken when a reliable attack to develop competitory advantage has made. In here. in order to analyze the British Airways competitory advantages. value concatenation analysis has done. Figure 2: Value Chain Analysis ( Source: Emerald Insight 2008 ) Value Chain Analysis: Primary activities within value-chain analysis are the 1s that straight affect the concern within short period of clip and their affect is easy to supervise. They are inward logistics. operations. operations. outbound logistics. selling and gross revenues. and post-sales services. Inbound logistics. Goods received from company providers are referred to as inward logistics. Competitive advantage is achieved in inbound logistics phase of the concern by BA through set uping ongoing relationships with providers. sophisticated system for stock control and professional preparation that has been accredited by UK City and Guilds ( BA Press Office. 2008 ) Operations. By and large. operations phase of the concern involves fixing goods and services to be sold to clients. BA has a scope of competitory advantages in operations portion of the concern through offering its clients increased security for their baggage. offering speedy check-in services and besides offering some services such as ticket engagements and engagement of other services online. Selling and gross revenues are considered to be one of the chief evidences for deriving competitory advantage and normally is utilized by many companies to the full. Competitive border gained in selling and gross revenues by BA involve marketing activities non merely to clients. but besides to all stakeholders of the company. Besides. BA senior direction big sum of budget for selling and gross revenues enterprises for the company. Undertaking 3 Strategic options for British Air passages In order to develop strategic options for an organisation utilizing mold tools. writer here used Ansoff matrix. Here is the treatment with this tool. The Ansoff implies concern growing either by marketing new or bing merchandises in bing or new markets ( Shaw 2011. 83 ) . Market Penetration Although BA already has presence in the bing market it is confronting stiff competition. For illustration. in the short draw market. quickly saturating with budget air hoses. BA lost ?1 billion in grosss by terminal of 2009/2010 fiscal twelvemonth. The major options presently are 1 ) Bettering on people procedures including bag managing 2 ) Further investing on information engineering particularly on internet engagements ( British Air passages 2010. 58 ) Market development Market development scheme focuses on non-buying clients in already presently targeted sections and focal points on new clients in new sections ( Angwin. Cummings. Smith 2011. 73 ) . BA is seeking to recover some concern category clients from Virgin air hoses and other rivals. Merchandise development Product development entails the procedure used to convey new merchandises into the market. For illustration. BA introduced a new in-flight amusement system in the Boeing 777-300 ERs in 2010 and the First Cabin. a sophisticated Ne cabin that offers clients the opportunity to work. animate. eat and slumber ( British Air passages 2010. 67 ) . Diversification Diversification is a concern scheme that attempts to increase profitableness by presenting new merchandises in new markets. Formation of confederations is a comparatively new tendency in new markets. for case ; by join forcesing with India’s Kingfisher air hoses. BA will increase finish connexions and better flight agendas ( British Air passages 2010. 76 ) . Choice of the most feasible strategic options The best manner of making this is by extinguishing the least feasible options to stay with the most feasible options. Renovation of trade name image: British Airways already possesses the advantage of holding a globally recognised trade name name ( Buckingham 2011. 13 ) . Introduction of complimentary services: basically requires the recreation of capital financess to implement. Presently. it does non significantly heighten Product development ( Ansoff ) ( Punzel 2011. 32 ) . Diversifying into other transport markets- Diversification is presently non a precedence relation to other more good schemes ( Punzel 2011. 32 ) . Supply concatenation migration: As portion of variegation ( Ansoff ) . this is besides non a feasible scheme at this clip ( Belobaba. Odoni. Barnhart 2009. 67 ) . Options for future organizational scheme Through market cleavage. companies divide big heterogenous markets into smaller sections that can be reached more expeditiously with merchandises and services that match their alone demands. ( kotler. 2009 ) British Airways has divided it market cleavage into different variables. There are figure of variables involved in consumer market cleavage. entirely and in combination. These variables are: Geographic variables Demographic variables Psychographic variables Behavioral variables Occupation- British Air passages give excess benefit for High Class. Some of the benefits like Club Card. Income- Peoples who are into concern category can go in British air passages as airfare are really high. Nationality – In British airway all different sort of nationality travel.

How Big Banks Can Attract Small Retail Customers

How Big Banks Can Attract Small Retail Customers Situation Analysis Bank customers act as both suppliers and consumers to the banks. The customers supply the bank with money, which is the raw material for financial institutions. On the other hand, customers act as consumers by being the buyers of various products of the financial institutions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on How Big Banks Can Attract Small Retail Customers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, it is vital for a bank to have customers who would be able to supply it with large amounts of money and consume huge quantities of the bank’s products (Wright, Watkins and Ennew 65). Big banks prefer to attract corporate customers. The high value of the transactions of corporate customers reaps huge financial benefits to the banks. On the other hand, small retail customers undertake small value transactions. However, the profit margins of financial transactions of small customers are usually high er than the profit margins of transactions of corporate customers. Increased competition in the retail banking market segment threatens to reduce the profit margin in this market segment (Quiry et al 264) However, big banks have enough financial resource to cope with the stiff competition in the market segment. Problem Analysis There is a steady increase in the amount of small retail customers that banks serve. This market segment offers a suitable growth opportunity for banks. The retail banking segment is the most profitable segment. Small retail customers require many banking services. Some of the services include payroll management and investment products. Therefore, it is vital for banks to formulate strategies that would help in attracting small retail customers. Big banks have generally been unsuccessful in attracting and retaining small retail customers. One of the major factors that lead to poor retention of small retail customers is the inability to offer high quality serv ices to small retail customers. Big banks do not usually solve the problems of the small retail customers quickly and courteously. In addition, big banks charge high fees, which are prohibitive to small retail customers (Rezaee 88). Big banks do not usually have products that fulfill the needs of the small retail customers. This is due to the wide variety of products that small retail customers need. In addition, small customers account for a small percentage of the revenue of big banks. Therefore, big banks do not prioritize the interests of the small retail customers. Mismatch of products makes small retail customers look for banking services in other financial institutions. The location of big banks is also one of the major factors that restrict big bank’s ability to attract small retail customers.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Big banks are usually loc ated in upmarket areas, which are far from the location of the business establishments of small retail customers. This makes it difficult for small retail customers to access the services of big banks easily. Therefore, small retail csuromers seek financial services from financial institutions that are in their vicinity. Solution Analysis There is no single approach that would enable banks attract and retain small retail customers. For banks that wish to attract small retail customers, it is vital for the banks to understand the dynamics of their relationship with small retail customers. Banks should understand the major factors that drive the profitability of the small retail customers. In addition, banks should understand the cross-selling opportunities that exist in this market segment. Cross selling would enable banks improve their profitability in this market segment significantly (Wright, Watkins and Ennew 154). One of the major strategies that banks may use to attract and ret ain small retail customers is investing in innovative products. The innovative products should be responsive to the needs of the small retail customers. In addition, banks should formulate a strategy that would be responsive to the needs of the small retail customers. Big banks should not just offer personalized products to customers; they should strive to realize the full value of their relationship with the small retail customers. Therefore, banks should offer services and pricing structures that appreciate the relationship that the bank has with the small retail customers. Implementation Analysis Big banks should ensure that they implement a strategy that would help to attract and retain small retail customers. However, the strategy should not contravene the major policies of the bank. Therefore, it is unlikely for big banks to move from their upmarket locations in order to attract small retail customers. This is because the movement from upmarket locations may alter the image of the bank. This may be detrimental to the bank. However, the big banks can introduce innovative mobile and internet banking solutions that would help in attracting and retaining small retail customers. In addition, big banks should offer a wide variety of products that would fulfill the banking needs of small retail customers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on How Big Banks Can Attract Small Retail Customers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is vital for banks to ensure that they introduce the measures that attract small retail customers systematically. Introducing drastic measures would be detrimental to image of the bank. This may trigger the exit of existing corporate customers. Big banks that attract and retain small retail customers while retaining their existing corporate customers guarantee their future financial prosperity. Quiry, Pascal, Yann Le Fur, Antonio Salvi, Maurizio Dallochio and Pierre Vernimmen. Corporate finance: Theory and practice. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons, 2006. Print. Rezaee, Zabihollah. Financial institutions, valuations, mergers, and acquisitions: The fair value approach. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons, 2001. Print. Wright, Mike, Trevor Watkins and Christine Ennew. Marketing financial services. London: Routledge, 2012. Print.

AMCAS Essay Writing Professional Service

AMCAS Essay Writing Professional Service The American Medical College Application Service and/or AMCAS essay doesnt differ much from most other types of personal statements required of med school applicants. A brief synopsis of personal beliefs and career coals, AMCAS statements are used to test applicants writing skills as well as their ability to communicate effectively. For more information on AMCAS papers, please read on. The process of applying to medical schools is an arduous one. The first thing that most applicants are required to do is enlist the assistance of an American Medical College Service. By sending transcript releases, essays, and application fees directly to this service (rather than to the schools), students dont have to worry about handling each school application themselves. AMCAS statements are important because they give applicants the chance to use their own voice. Unlike those for undergraduate universities, the med school application process has several different steps. Upon reviewing a favorable applicants initial package (including transcripts, letters of recommendation, and the essay), he or she is then asked to submit secondary essays, and so on. Granted, there is a lot of pressure involved when writing an AMCAS essay. Fortunately, there are many professional services that can help. For information on how to get help writing an AMCAS personal statement or if you would like an editor to review your medical school secondaries, please access the link provided.

McDonalds in Kazakhstan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

McDonalds in Kazakhstan - Essay Example McDonald's generates revenues through company operated restaurants and franchisee restaurants. Of a total of over 31,000 restaurants, over 8000 are operated by the company and over 18,000 are operated by franchisees. The remaining restaurants are operated by affiliates. The company's revenue comprises sales from company operated restaurants and fees as well as rent from franchisees and affiliates. Under the franchise arrangement, the franchisees invest in the equipment, signage, seating and dcor, while the company owns or leases the land and building. Franchisees pay the company service fees and rent for premises. Service fees are set as a percentage of sales, while rent and other terms of occupancy are stipulated in the franchise agreement, which is drawn for a period of 20 years. The company and its franchisees as well as affiliates purchase food, packaging, equipment and other goods from approved suppliers. The company maintains quality standards through assurance labs around the world. A quality assurance board, including the company's technical, safety and supply chain specialists, provides guidance on all aspects of food quality and safety. The McDonald's business model is slightly different from that of most other fast food chains. In addition to ordinary franchise fees, supplies and percentage of sales, McDonald's also collects rent. As a condition of the franchise agreement, McDonald's owns most properties. Since rent is a fee that is not linked to sales, this practice allows McDonald's more control over its franchisees (Rumbelow, 1 February 2001). As the world's largest fast food company, McDonald's was the target of criticism on many grounds over the review period. It has been accused of the exploitation of entry-level workers and ecological damage caused by agricultural production and industrial processing of its products with high levels of packaging waste. Critics claim it sells unhealthy or non-nutritious food with exploitative advertising targeted at children and contributes to the suffering and exploitation of livestock. McDonald's has also been criticised for its litigious and heavy-handed approach to preserving its image and copyrights. Consequently, McDonald's recorded its first ever global loss in the last quarter of 2002 and in Europe sales plunged 3.8% in January 2003. To combat this, McDonald's underwent a fundamental revolution in its approach to menus, marketing and consumers in 2003. In the UK, McDonald's is improving its standards and continued to work with government and health officials to investigate impro vements (Euromonitor, 29 November 2005). On the other hand, Kazakhstan is a relatively new nation as it gained independence from Soviet Union in 1991. McDonald's has is one of the countries it has to conquer. Kazakstan's 1,052,100 square miles (2,724,900 square kilometres) make it by far the largest state in Central Asia and the ninth largest in the world. Between its most distant points Kazakstan measures about 1,820 miles (2,930 kilometres) east to west and 960 miles north to south. While Kazakstan was not considered by authorities in the former Soviet

Strategic Magagement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Strategic Magagement - Essay Example The company that is going to be discussed is Apple—most notably because Apple just did appoint a new CEO. Steve Jobs is now no longer the CEO. Instead that post will be taken over by Tim Cook, who was second-in-command. This is the implementation plan for Apple that emphasizes each of the eight components of strategy execution, which will be described in depth herein. Apple’s strategic business unit (SBU) could probably be best defined by its various technologies (the MacBook, iPod, and iPhone)—so we will focus on those elements for right now in terms of what will work as a strategy versus what won’t. Every manager has an active role. Every manager at Apple will continue to have the most of the same levels of responsibility that he or she was managing before the change of the CEO. Some responsibilities, however, may shift in terms of what is expected of each manager. Some managers at the Apple Genius Bars, for example, may have to relinquish control to higher-ups, and also do some work of the incoming recruits—thus having to be more adaptable to any new company policy. There is no proven â€Å"formula† for implementing particular types of strategies. Apple does not claim to have any corner on the market when it comes to product development, per se; rather, Apple has an ingenuity that defies definition. To say that there is no proven formula for success is partially untrue. There are certain guidelines which help make sure that a product line will have success, and that is what will be discussed more in-depth in the next section. there are definitely guidelines within the Apple corporation about how to implement new business strategies. Apple culture dictates that, although there are set guidelines, but no one need be so strictly adherent about the policies that it overrides creativity within the corporation. There are usually several ways to proceed that are capable

The Future of Nursing Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Future of Nursing - Term Paper Example In fact, even the report recommends that even the already registered APRN nurses have to acquire advanced professional studies to improve their training skills. Transformation of Nursing Practice The IOM (2001) gives important report to the transformation of the future nursing as it recommends the need for nursing practice in the healthcare institutions in the US. The demand for practicing nurses is about 10 percent. This implies that the US government has taken initiative to train nurses for the future heal care services. The focus on practicing has transformed the nursing operations to a high level of competence and confidence. The need to practice however faced challenges when the registration of APRN nurses. There is an ongoing negotiation for the ban to be lifted so that Advanced Nurses may continue with their practicing. This is very essential during the discovery of the new healthcare systems focused on the well-being of patients. The competence of nurses to meet the needs of patients is supported by their scientific knowledge and their unlimited abilities to adapt to the changes in the Medicare systems (Shell, 2002). The practicing has developed a reliable number of highly skilled nurses who are able to provide advanced services that could otherwise remain to be the responsibilities of professional physicians. It is not logical to engage highly trained physicians even though they have broader and special training than the APRN nurses. The IOM (2001) recommends that because the future need for more cost effective systems of health services, there should be opportunity for practicing nurses to take roles that are more responsible in the operation of the modern healthcare system. They are not only... This report approves that improvement in nursing education will assist in the process of eradicating ignorance and the risks of unethical and unprofessional services. The solution and the risk mitigation strategy for this possibility are to develop a team of educated workforce. The report argues that effective education model and improved system of education will prepare the future nurses to be able to manage leadership responsibilities. The US government is committed to supporting education geared towards the development of teams of nurses focused on improved quality and reliable outcomes. For the future healthcare to realize the value of nursing profession, then the IOM report argues that there is no substitute to educating nurses. In fact, even the report recommends that even the already registered APRN nurses have to acquire advanced professional studies to improve their training skills. The competence of nurses to meet the needs of patients is supported by their scientific knowl edge and their unlimited abilities to adapt to the changes in the Medicare systems. This essay makes a conclusion that as the US realizes the need and the opportunity to change the system and services in the health care institutions, nurses are able to play vital responsibilities in the process of implementing the transformation. The key recommendation about leadership is that nurses should work with stakeholders to ensure that they provide unlimited high quality healthcare services and at the same time, participate in the decisions that change the working environment in the institutions. Indeed, nurses have strong influence on the outcome of the future healthcare services.

Homwork Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Homwork - Research Paper Example To begin with, children with televisions in their bedroom perform poorly in school and have high propensity to have sleep problems. Also, children who have television in their bedrooms are likely to be overweight and have higher risk for smoking. According to Parker-Pope, one of the consequences of having a television in a child’s bedroom is that the child end up watching programs that are not suitable for them without the knowledge of their parents (Parker-Pope Para 3). The article presents several studies that have been carried out to demonstrate the effect of having televisions in children’s bedrooms. For instance, he presents a study that was conducted on eighty children aged between 4 to 7 years in Buffalo. The findings of the research indicated that having a television in the bedroom increased average viewing time by approximately nine hours, from 21 hours to 30 hours. According to the research, there is high probability of parents of such children with television in their bedrooms to misjudge their children’s viewing time. In the article, Professor Leonard H. Epstein argues that the parents are usually unaware of what their children watch when the televisions are put in their bedroom. The television set is usually in the child’s bedroom and it becomes difficult for parents to remove television set from the child’s bedroom. In their one two-year research, Dr. ... The researchers discovered that reducing television viewing time did not increase play rate, but the children snaked less. This research did not simply the data by bedroom television viewing. However, the journal Pediatrics, 2002, reported that children with televisions in their bedroom risk being overweight. Further, the journal Obesity reported that boys have higher risk of becoming overweight. In a French research on adolescent, boys with television in their bedrooms showed higher likelihood of having larger waist, body fat and body mass index than their counterparts with no television in their bedrooms. In another study that was conducted among 400 children in six schools in Northern California, approximately 70 percent had television in their bedrooms. These children performed significantly and constantly lower on math, reading and language-art examinations. However, children who said they have computers in their bedrooms scored higher in the tests. Despite the fact that the pro found impact of bedroom television remains oblivious, it could be a big distraction from doing homework or it obstructs sleep leading to poor performance at school. A study on kindergartens indicated that children with bedroom televisions had sleep problems. Another research of over 700 middle-school students aged between 12 and 14 revealed that children with bedroom televisions have higher likelihood of smoking. 42 percent of those who had bedroom televisions in the study smoked compared to 16 percent of those who had no bedroom television. In another article, Parents Urged Again to Limit TV for Youngest by Benedict Carey, the American Academy of Pediatrics warned parent to limit the time that their children spend on televisions, computers and self-described educational games. The

The Persuading Argument on the Other Face of Globalization Essay

The Persuading Argument on the Other Face of Globalization - Essay Example Deb returns in India as a journalist working in The Guardian. This book explores the New India and meets new individuals such as Arindam Chaudhuri, Esther, and the farmer. During his travel, he exposes the contradictions in the projection of New India and the real world. The author aims to project the deception that globalization creates in terms of its declaration of massive wealth, but secretly repels the class inequalities. Globalization impacts not only the cultural identity of Indians, but it also aggravates the social condition of the poor. The main thrust of this paper is to argue that the story is convincing because of the logical reasoning presented, accountability of the author, and appeal to emotions. Logical Reasoning Persuasive writing includes an appeal based on logic or reason. Logical writing tends to persuade readers to agree with the viewpoint of a writer. The book of Siddhartha Deb has logical reason because of the utilization of facts and observation to support hi s views that India is creating an illusion with the advent of globalization. According to Glenn and Gray, the method of â€Å"using a number of specific facts or observations† is called inductive reasoning wherein the writer formulates a reasonable judgment (126). Furthermore, logical reasoning comprises of the gathering of stories from different persons he met while travelling in the subcontinents of India, factual evidence based on its observation through defining it in a descriptive text and statistics. The description provided allows the connection of the narrator and readers through drawing an image of the working condition in India. The narrator’s description to the workers: â€Å"The men †¦ were infernal creatures, rags wrapped around their faces to protect themselves from the heat, inevitably dwarfed by the extremity of the place, with everything so large, so fast and so hot† (Deb, qtd. in Subramanian). Moreover, the balance in the story is achieved because Deb does not only focus on the poor individuals, which desire to be rich because of the promise of progress in New Delhi, but the subject of his story is a rich man who owns large business establishments. The description of the author to the steel workers in New Delhi depicts the miniscule in comparison with the gentrification of the city. Thus, the buildings are too immense, which signifies a progressive city. Along with gentrification is the lost of cultural identity of Indians, due to the invasion of the West. The invasion happens because the author has observed the modern buildings, products, and dress code. The traditional services and products are nowhere to be found. It means that the contemporary India is changing to a globalized India, but the labor condition remains the same. Deb supported his logical reasoning through a statistics that implies the income inequality among Indian workers. The Kirkus Reviews on The Beautiful and the Damned stressed the factual evide nce of Deb about the â€Å"total number of people in India consuming less than 20 rupees a day was 836 million - or 77 percent of the population.† This statistics proves the condition of Indian workers, which contradicts the wealth projected by the government. Abelson iterates that statistics is often used to support an argument and to prove its reliability and validity; however, it is also misleading (1+). Statistics is supposed to create credibility, which depends on the author’

Homwork Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Homwork - Research Paper Example To begin with, children with televisions in their bedroom perform poorly in school and have high propensity to have sleep problems. Also, children who have television in their bedrooms are likely to be overweight and have higher risk for smoking. According to Parker-Pope, one of the consequences of having a television in a child’s bedroom is that the child end up watching programs that are not suitable for them without the knowledge of their parents (Parker-Pope Para 3). The article presents several studies that have been carried out to demonstrate the effect of having televisions in children’s bedrooms. For instance, he presents a study that was conducted on eighty children aged between 4 to 7 years in Buffalo. The findings of the research indicated that having a television in the bedroom increased average viewing time by approximately nine hours, from 21 hours to 30 hours. According to the research, there is high probability of parents of such children with television in their bedrooms to misjudge their children’s viewing time. In the article, Professor Leonard H. Epstein argues that the parents are usually unaware of what their children watch when the televisions are put in their bedroom. The television set is usually in the child’s bedroom and it becomes difficult for parents to remove television set from the child’s bedroom. In their one two-year research, Dr. ... The researchers discovered that reducing television viewing time did not increase play rate, but the children snaked less. This research did not simply the data by bedroom television viewing. However, the journal Pediatrics, 2002, reported that children with televisions in their bedroom risk being overweight. Further, the journal Obesity reported that boys have higher risk of becoming overweight. In a French research on adolescent, boys with television in their bedrooms showed higher likelihood of having larger waist, body fat and body mass index than their counterparts with no television in their bedrooms. In another study that was conducted among 400 children in six schools in Northern California, approximately 70 percent had television in their bedrooms. These children performed significantly and constantly lower on math, reading and language-art examinations. However, children who said they have computers in their bedrooms scored higher in the tests. Despite the fact that the pro found impact of bedroom television remains oblivious, it could be a big distraction from doing homework or it obstructs sleep leading to poor performance at school. A study on kindergartens indicated that children with bedroom televisions had sleep problems. Another research of over 700 middle-school students aged between 12 and 14 revealed that children with bedroom televisions have higher likelihood of smoking. 42 percent of those who had bedroom televisions in the study smoked compared to 16 percent of those who had no bedroom television. In another article, Parents Urged Again to Limit TV for Youngest by Benedict Carey, the American Academy of Pediatrics warned parent to limit the time that their children spend on televisions, computers and self-described educational games. The

Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 14

Case Study - Essay Example This group is limited in the sense that there is a lack of women specially who watch porn and develop the tastes for having the vaginal matches with their favorite porn stars. This will therefore require a wider understanding of the different social and ethical factors related with viewing porn and its overall acceptability in an individual’s life. What is significantly more important however is the fact that the overall market is probably at its developing stage and the demand is driven by the external factors i.e. porn market? The number of stakeholders in this market therefore is relatively large as well as diversified and therefore the overall market development may be slow as well as may not develop at all considering the ethical considerations. The main issue for the plastic surgeons to develop FCGS as a viable business therefore is to maintain a balance between the different stakeholders while at the same time ensure that all the ethical considerations are followed in their true spirit. This would therefore involve not only the perfection of the technologies which are being used during the surgery but also develop and lobby to the influential groups in order to help recognize this business as an ethical and viable business which can fulfill the particular needs of the customers. The above situation analysis points towards the different reasons and causes of the problems discussed in the case study regarding the female genital cutting. A cause and effect analysis of the problem will indicate that the roots of the major problem are in the overall acceptability of the FCGS. Various stakeholders groups seem to stamp their claim on the human rights and ethical consideration of this practice however, what is critical is the question of free choice of the customers who are willing to go through the overall process of FCGS. A limited PEST analysis of the situation would suggest that the political factors are stronger in

Does fair play have an important role in competitive sport Essay Example for Free

Does fair play have an important role in competitive sport Essay From the time of gods and goddesses, they have been competing in friendly sports and throughout time, it evolved into sports and even Olympics. From the time that sports were invented, the concept of fair play or sportsmanship was not yet apparent. But when sports were finally considered of great importance, the concept of fair play became universally understood. Basically, fair play is sportsmanship. For some, both players and audiences alike, consider it as the â€Å"golden rule† in sports. In fair play, you treat your team mates and opponents as someone you would like to be treated as. You show respect for yourself, your team mates, and your rivals. You should also demonstrate respect for both coaches of the opposing teams and other important figures in the field like the umpires, judges and other officials. (Sanders, 2005) But in modern times, it does not only apply to the players; consequently, it now also applied to the people watching the game. It now developed into an attitude that may influence the players, audiences and the game. (Sanders, 2005) In every sport, there is always a loser and a winner. But, the greatness of the game relies on how the players played the sport. And consequently, their sportsmanship should also be apparent in their game. It is undeniable that winning feels great but being a sport has a great role in a winner’s game. It can make or break a game. Today, when sports become an alley for talented players to become superstars, the spirit of sports become plagued. In retrospect, we have to keep in mind that being a sport has its advantages—and winning the game is one of it. While playing, playing fair not only helps to win a game but it also builds character. With the help of the coach, the athletes can reach their highest potential and so, they become better players and human beings. (Fakehany) Since sportsmanship is an attitude, it also teaches valuable lessons and builds character to a person. It has become a way of life both in and out of the field. And these very same attitudes help a person to be ready not just in the court but also outside (i. e. corporate life). How we play a game makes us introspective in a sense that it assists us to re-evaluate ourselves and reflect on our behaviors. www. yogiberramuseum. org, 2005) Sportsmanship is also vital so as not have massive brawls and misunderstanding in a competition. Fair play creates a friendly atmosphere wherein athletes can really enjoy the game from the beginning until the end. Unconsciously, it creates the mood of the entire game and it lessens the tendency of the players to have arguments. It makes both the opposing teams feel as if that they are not competing at all but more of a friendly competition. Peak) Research analysts have also done studies wherein it supports that indeed, fair play is a factor to win or how the team approaches the game. Apologists of sports say reiterate that fair play is a great way to avoid addiction and violence. For them, it is a mere socialization of the players with one another. And thus, it implies that because of fair play, players have more blissful and energetic strategy as compared with players who does not have a sense of sportsmanship. (GA. , 2005) Earlier, we have said that winning is a big part of a game. But definitely, there are always two sides in a story. Generally, competitors view winning as unimportant but the more aggressive view is that, it is the only thing. And, the main reason why we compete in a sport is to ultimately win the game. We usually strive to win. This very same reason makes us ponder why fair play plays an important role in a competitive sport. Firstly, when we want to compete, we assume that our competitor will also give his/her one hundred percent and they will also strive to win. And to eventually win the game, both of you will give your best. When we give your best, alongside with it comes all your athletic ability and might hoping that in the end, you will be successful. This is the mere essence of competition and sports—to win—but more importantly, to play the game fair. (Feigley, 2007) This philosophy is vice versa—for the player to win, he must give his best so that his best will let him win. Additionally, when both players give their best efforts, there will always be another chance where the two of you will meet again. This will be an advantage on both parts because through this, you now both know the strengths and weaknesses of each other. And because of this, both of the players can now plan their strategies so that they can beat the opponent next time they meet. And in so doing, they can also improve their skills and sports. In conjunction with such, the player must play fair so that both can give their best efforts that will eventually give them a sense of satisfaction. Also, as mentioned above, playing fair is also a form of socialization. When we enter into a competition, we should also bear in mind that after every after game, there will always be another chance wherein the two of you will meet again. It will also be an advantage to know your opponent not just on the court but more so, personally. You cannot just discuss your strategies but also, you can also create camaraderie, connections and friendships. This is an advantage for both players because you not only gave the audience what they are craving for; but also, it also shows that you can be defeated gracefully, which is commendable in the audiences point of view. Being a sport also gives the player a sense of â€Å"self-improvement†. Further elaborated, when the player becomes the loser, this gives him a lesson that he should constantly improve his sport or craft so that next time, he will win. Now, in view point of the winner, this does not mean that he should always be confident in his abilities. He should also be constantly honing his talent because there will always be someone out there that is better than him that might outshine him one day. Fair play serves as a constant reminder for both the player to always sharpen their respective craft to improve themselves and consequently, achieve their primary goal—which is, to win. Now, like mentioned from above, fair play does not only apply to the player. It should also apply to the other people that are prominent in a game like the coaches and other officials. There is no denying that coaches are a huge factor to develop a character and sense of sportsmanship of a player. They serve as the primary teacher which teaches us to be not just great players but also, as the ones that we take our basic course in sports. Now, since they are considered as the first teachers, it is inevitable that they should also serve as role models for players. Players should not be treated as the only stars in the game. The coaches and officials should also be a sport. This does not only break the rule of being a â€Å"teacher’ but also, it conforms to the notion of fair play. Coaches should also be able to accept winning and defeat gracefully. This does not only generate respect from the audience but more importantly, they also earn the respect of their fellow coaches and officials. And when they have already earned that respect, they should also learn to repay it to their players. With every lesson or new technique or strategy that they teach their players, it should also be accompanied with the constant lesson that the players should also learn how to be humble, or, in other words, be a sport. The whole concept of fair play will not be complete without being empathetic with the audiences. We have seen in televisions how the audiences react whenever their favorite soccer team makes a goal. The audiences should also have a proper etiquette whenever they watch their favorite team play. More often than not, audiences get too excited for their teams and eventually, it causes chaos in more ways than one. The audience should also have a concept of fair play so that there will be no casualties (both physical and egoistical) in the end. Just like their idols, they should also learn to accept defeat gracefully and understandingly. The concept of fair play or sportsmanship has been a â€Å"golden rule† in the world of sports ever since time in memoriam. Basically, it only states that players should show respect and should be fair in following the rules of the game. Not only should it apply for the players but also, for the coaches, officials and the audiences as well. Practicing fair play plays a great role in winning a game because it becomes a part of the whole game itself. Being fair implies a big responsibility not just for the players but also for the coaches, officials and the audiences as well. In playing fair, the player can re-evaluate his abilities and the strategies that he is employing if ever he losses a game. But this does not mean that the winner should now be always confident; he should rather practice more so as to hone his skills and so that, he can maintain his winning streak. Also, being fair builds camaraderie amongst players. For some, it is a form of socialization. Not only does it create friendships but also, it can also be a foundation of connections and a little bit of fame. Still, in a player’s point of point of view, it builds character. Generally, in sports, the coaches are considered as the first teachers of the athletes. They are the ones that should be responsible for how players behave and carry out the game. More importantly, they are the ones that sportsmanship should be highly visible because after all, they are the ones that created great, responsible and humble players. They should also know how to accept defeat gracefully because after all, in every game, there is always a winner and a loser. This should also be true for the officials because it is in their hands that the whole flow of the game lies. Also, they are considered as the â€Å"big boss† in a game and consequently, they can serve as a door for opportunities and a great entertainment for the audience. Lastly, to make this whole philosophy be holistic, it should also apply with the audiences. Around the world, there have been hundred reports that a simple game between two rival soccer teams causes many casualties and even suspensions for both teams. Audiences should know how to act properly in a game and should not be over excited regarding their respective teams. They should practice the concept of sportsmanship so that everything will be fair. In conclusion, the concept of sportsmanship has long been around and it is practiced since time in memoriam. It is an unwritten wherein it can save or break a game (or in some cases, even players and managers). Since it is a rule, it should be respected; but there are also situations where it has been violated and the violators have paid their price. To break it down, it is just a simple rule but pertains a heavy load of responsibility and consequences. And these consequences are downright heavy so it is will be much better for the players to just practice this philosophy so as not to get their selves into a big trouble and maybe one day, save their lives.

Effect of Nematode on Tobacco

Effect of Nematode on Tobacco Tobacco 1.0 Introduction Tobacco (Nicotina tabacum L.) is one of the most important non- food crop and widely grown commercially (Akerhust, 1981). This plant had a high economic value and widely demanded throughout the world for the usage of the nicotine, cigarettes, cigars and other tobacco product (Akerhust, 1981). Nowadays, in Malaysia, Tobacco industry is very crucial in uplifting the socio-economic status of farmer in Kelantan, Terengganu, Kedah and Perlis. There were 20,524 farm families, 355 tobacco curers, 1300 grower and 25384 station workers. This industry generates about 150 million in income per year. 38% of the income goes to the farmers and 18% to the curers (http://www.malaysiayellowpages.net/mpi/details/TOBACCO.htm). This plant can give a stable income and therefore increased the income of farmer (Wells, 1987). Tobacco was cultivated as a rotation with the paddy for a side income (Anon, 1981). Tobacco plant can be infected by bacteria, fungus, virus, and parasitic nematode. Disease infection lower the tobacco yield and also quality. This research focused on effect of plant parasitic nematode on tobacco. Plant parasitic nematode can be found wherever tobacco is grown. The severity of the damage they caused depended on climate and soil type (Luc, Sikora et al. 2005). Nematode infection may lower the quality and yields. Annual report from North Carolina in 2008, showed Meloidogyne spp. it self cause loses around $2,505,126 in 2004, $1,596,452 in 2005, $ 1,772,819 in 2006, $1,542,864 in 2007, and $4,096,321 in 2008 while other nematodes cause $146,297 in 2004, $2281 in 2005, $529,188 in 2006 and $208,612 in 2008 (www.dowagro.com/soil/products/tobacco/economic.htm). In Malaysia, the effect of nematode on tobacco yield reduction has not been fully understand or revealed. Therefore, the objectives of this project were: To observe the effect of nematode on tobacco. To observe the relationship of soil physical properties on nematode population density and disease severity. 2.0 Literature review 2.1 Tobacco Tobacco was one of the most important non- food crop and widely grown commercially (Akerhust, 1981). This plant originated came from South America (Tso, 1972). However according to Gerstel (1961), Nicotina tabacum not occurring in wild state it was amphidiploids which come from hybridization of Nicotina sylvestris and Nicotina tomentosiformis. This plant has a high economic value and has been widely demanded throughout the world for the usage of the nicotine such as cigarettes, cigars and other tobacco product (Akerhust, 1981). This plant also important for the research purposes (Tso, 1972). Many researches have been done by using this plant mostly in Plant physiology and Genetics (Bateman Millar, 1966; Albersheim et. al., 1969; Kosuge, 1969). In Malaysia, Tobacco was first introduced in year 1959 by Malayan Tobacco Company (now known as Malaysia Tobacco Company, MTC) in Kelantan cultivation area for 8 hectares (Anon., 1976). Nowadays, in Malaysia, Tobacco industry has been very crucial in uplifting the socio-economic status of farmer in Kelantan, Terengganu, Kedah and Perlis. There were 20,524 farm families, 355 tobacco curers, 1300 grower and 25384 station workers. This industry generated about 150 million in income per year. 38% of the income goes to the farmers and 18% to the curers (Ministry of primary industry, 2010). This plant can give a stable income and therefore can increase the income of farmer (Wells, 1987). Tobacco is cultivated as a rotation with the paddy for a side income (Anon, 1981). However, product and quality of tobacco leaf are quite low due to encountering many problems, including diseases. For Tobacco cultivation, a deep and well drained soil is needed. This is where nematodes problem develop rapid ly (Luc, Sikora et al. 2005). 2.2 Nematodes related with the Tobacco Plant parasitic nematode can be found wherever tobacco is grown. The severity of the damage they caused may depended on climate and soil type (Luc, Sikora et al. 2005). Many tobacco producing countries are near or within the inter-tropical zone. The dominant nematodes that parasitize tobacco plant were Meloidogyne spp. (a root-knot nematode). Most of important species from this genus were M.arenaria, M.incognita, M.javanica, and M.hapla. M.incognita and M.javanica were important species in Malaysia. Other Meloidogyne spp., were rarely reported. Similarly, Pratylenchus spp. were also dominant species that parasitize tobacco plant (Kimpinski and Thompson 1990). Apart from Meloidogyne spp. and Pratylenchus spp., Tylenchorhynchus spp., Globodera spp., Ditylenchus dipsaci and Aphelenchus ritzemabosi were reported to parasitized tobacco plant in certain restricted area. Other nematodes such as Helicotylenchus, Rotylenchus, Scutellonema, Rotylenchulus sp., Tetylenchus and Crinomella sp. hav e been found to infect tobacco plant but not normally associated with losses. Some nematode species such as Xiphinema, Longidorus, Trichodorus, and Paratrichodorus have been reported to transmit viruse to tobacco (Luc, Sikora et al. 2005). Nematodes also may cause disease complex. For example Meloidogyne spp. a root-knot nematodes has been proved to increase the incident of Fusarium wilt even when their population were incapable to cause direct damage to the tobacco plant (Webster, 1972). Another example was interaction between Pratylenchus brachyurus (lesion nematode) and Phyptopthora parasitica var. nicotianae (cause black shank disease). Inagaki and Powell (1969) found that P. brachyurus caused more severe and rapid diseased development of black shank symptom than when the fungus alone. 2.3 Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp. 2.3.1 Distribution Meloidogyne spp. are always important parasites in tobacco cultivation, wherever the climate favours them (Nusbaum, 1960; Daulton, 1964; Barker et al., 1981; Rich et al., 1982). There were 61 species and two subspecies in this genus at the end of 1988 (Eisenback, 1985; Eisenback Hirschmann, 1991). Nowadays until year 2000 there were 80 species have been describing (Carneiro et al., 2000). Parasitism of Meloidogyne spp. was first reported by Tisdale (1922) in Florida. This genus was also a serious pest in Southern Africa in the late 1920s (Jack, 1927; NaudÑ?, 1929). Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica were mostly found parasitize the tobacco plant. Their infection was very relying on the climate, since M.javanica had a higher tolerance towards drought and high temperature compared with M.incognita (Daulton Nusbaum, 1969, 1962; Taylor et al., 1982). Meloidogyne arenaria and M.hapla were the next mostly found to cause infection on tobacco plant. Meloidogyne hapla was reported to be found in the cooler parts of the world. Report from fields survey in Florida showed M.javanica was found in 65% of fields survey area, M.incognita 33% and M.arenaria was rarely found (Rich Garcia, 1985). Report from North Carolina showed M.arenaria population had increased gradually although M.incognita was the predominant species there. This observation also showed the same in South Carolina (Fortnum et al., 1984; Schmitt Barker, 1988). Apart from that, M.javanica and M.hapla was reported to be found in North Carolina. Reported showed that there were 64% of M.incognita and 29% of M.javanica to be found in Philippines (Madamba, 1981). Meloidogyne incognitagraham, M.microcephala, M.mayaguensis, M.cruciani, M.enterolobii, M.ethiopica, M.platani, M. themesi were also reported to parasitize reproduce tobacco plant but their importance was very restricted (Cliff hirschmann, 1984; Jepson, 1987; Rammah 1988; Rammah and Hirshmann, 1988). 2.3.2 General morphology The morphology of this genus were almost all same the except for some characteristic which usually were very useful for species identification. They were usually sexually dimorphic. Adult female have swollen, saccate bodies (pear shape like body). The size of female ranged in median length 0.44-1.30 mm and width about 0.33-0.70 mm (Eisenback, 1985). They have protrudes neck anteriorly while vulva and anus were located terminally. The female of this genus have pearly white body with moderately thick cuticle. Stylet were short, moderately sclerotized and protrusibly hollow. The stylet size was 10-24ÂÂ µm in length which consists of cone, shaft and knobs. The morphology of the stylet was quite varying between species in this genus. The morphology of stylet should be one of the supplemental characteristic to be observed for species identification. The stylet functions like hypodermic needle which was moved by protractor muscles. The shaped of the cone, shaft, and knobs also differ a mong female species in this genus. At the posterior of stylet knobs, there was dorsal esophageal gland orifices (DEGO). DEGO was the two sub ventral gland orifices open into the esophagus lumen. DEGO had a varied distance among species which also can be supplemental character for species identification. The excretory pore of the Meloidogyne spp. female situated anterior to median bulb valve plat and usually near stylet base. They also have two convoluted genital tracts. The major part of the total body content consists of two gonads which were very long and greatly convoluted. There were ovary with germinal zone and growth zone, narrow oviduct, globular spermatotheca and long uterus in each gonad. Spermatotheca were differing among species. Therefore this character can also be use for species identification. Apart from that, the cuticle in the perineal region of female from this genus forming a finger print-like pattern (the perineal pattern) which also had been use for species iden tification. This is because, the perineal pattern hold most characteristic of female such as tail terminus, phasmids, lateral lines, anus, and vulva which surrounded by cuticular striae or folds. They also have six large unicellular rectal glands situated in the posterior body region. These rectal glands were connected to the rectum. This gland produce very large amount of gelatinous matrix material. This material was excreted through the rectum and act as protective egg sac (Nickle, 1991). Different with the female, male of Meloidogyne sp. are vermiform. The size of the body vary between species which are about 700-2,000 ÂÂ µm (Eisenback, 1985). This is because the varying environmental condition existing during their development. Body of the male usually twisted through 180ÃÅ'Ã…   upon heat relaxation. The male stylet vary in size which are about 13-30 ÂÂ µm. The stylet and head of male from this genus are robust. Apart from that, size and shape of the stylet cone, shaft, and knobs can be use for species identification (Eisenback and Hirschmann, 1981). The location of DEGO is 2-13 ÂÂ µm posterior to the stylet knob base. The isthmus is short and most of the species have ventrally two overlapping gland lobe instead of normally three esophageal nuclei. The hemizonid located at the front to excretory pore. However some species the hemizonid located at the posterior of excretory pore. In normal male there is only one gonad while in sex-reversed males have two gonads. There is long vas deferens packed with developing sperm in the gonad. Among the species, the size of the spicules range from 19 to 40 ÂÂ µm. The spicules usually robust and the bursa are absent. Tail is short (hemispherical shape). There is also variation of tail shape between species (Nickle, 1991). A second stage juvenile was the infective stage of Meloidogyne sp. It has varied body length from 290 to 912ÂÂ µm (Eisenback, 1985). The head of second stage juvenile basically just same with the male. It has a delicate stylet with 8 to 18ÂÂ µm in length. The DEGO distance are varied among species with the distance mostly 2 to 8ÂÂ µm. The esophagus of the second stage juvenile is narrow with faintly outline procorpus. The median bulb is well defined. Median bulb has a large valve plate and three long ventrally overlapping glands that are use for molting and feeding. The second stage juvenile has a varied position of excretory pore. The hemizoid located posteriorly to the pore. The tail length of second stage juvenile varied among species. Usually the length is 15 to 100ÂÂ µm. At the end of the tail there is hyaline terminus. In this genus, second stage juveniles are group base on the tail length and tail shape (Whitehead, 1968; Jepson, 1984). Jepson (1987) showed that differences in either mean tail and or mean hyaline terminus are very large. These vast differences can be very useful to distinguish species within groups (Nickle, 1991). 2.3.3 Life cycle Meloidogyne sp. shows sexually dimorphism, which is the female are pyriform or saccate, while the males vermiform (Eisenback, 1987). The differences in body shaped between female and male occurred during the postembryonic development of Meloidogyne sp.. From the embryonic development, the egg hatched once to become first-stage juvenile and then molted as a second stage juvenile. The second-stage juvenile was infective stage. It moved into the soil and entered the root of suitable host plant. This second-stage juvenile then formed host-parasites relationship with the plant when it find preferred feeding site. The morphology of second-stage juvenile changed to flask-shape as it feeds on the special nurse cell. Then, without further feeding it molted three times into the third and fourth stage juvenile, and finally become an adult. The saccate adult female resumed feeding on the special nurse cell shortly after the last molt and continued to do so for the remainder of her life. The repr oductive system of both female and male of this genus developed into functional gonads during the postembryonic development (Triantaphyllou and Hirschmann, 1960). From the number of the gonad, we can differentiate the sexes. Females always have two gonads while males usually have one. During fourth-stage juvenile, the shape of saccate male juvenile changed to the vermiform adult males. The metamorphosis occurred in which the body elongates from saccate to a vermiform shape. Fully developed male emerges after the final molt of enclosed fourth-stage male which enclosed within the cuticles of second-stage and third-stage. The adult male leaved the root and move freely through the soil and it does not feed. The mode of reproduction determined the function of the male for mating. Depending on particular species reproduction whether amphimixis or parthenogenesis, the male enters the root searching for the female to mate or just remain in the soil and die. Temperature plays a vital role fo r the length of the life cyle. For example, the first adult female of M.incognita on Tomato appear 13-15 days after root penetration at temperature approximately 29 ÃÅ'Ã…  C, the female laid the first egg about 19-21 days after penetration (Triantaphyllou and Hirschmann,1960). The life span of female is much longer than the male from 2 to 3 month. 2.3.4 Effect of Meloidogyne spp. on Tobacco plant Meloidogyne sp. caused formation of galls on Tobacco root. Usually, second stages juvenile entered via behind the root cap which involves mechanical penetration by using stylet (Linford, 1942). According to Bird et.al, (1975), the penetration also involve some enzymatic action (cellulolytic or pectolytic) which secreted by esophageal gland. Then, the second-stage juvenile moved through the cortex to the region of cell differentiation. This differentiation cell was the feeding site for them which later transformed into highly specialized feeding cells called giant cells. This cell was the permanent feeding site for them (Hussey at al., 1994). According to Dropkin (1972) and Hussey (1987), the multinucleate giant cell was the result of the introduction of secretion produced by subventral esophageal gland cells of the feeding second stage juvenile. Giant cells serve as sourced of food. The nutrient from giant cells was transferred to the nematode (Jones and Northcote, 1972). According t o McClure (1977) these cells act as metabolic sink. These giant cells affected the function of the root as it caused extensive distortion and blocked of the vascular tissue which slowed water and nutrient transport. Therefore, the absorption of nutrient and water greatly reduced. Plant growth and yield may be suppressed as photosynthates were mobilized to the giant cells. Above- ground symptoms showed chlorosis of foliage and temporary wilting (premature wilting) when water stress occurred usually during drought or sunny day. Plant was stunted and the leaves were yellow and thin. The formation of gall was due to the root tissues around nematode and giant cells undergo hyperplasia and hyperthrophy. The worse was when secondary larval invasion occurred which caused the gall to coalesce and finally the root begins to decay (Nickle, 1991). Nematode also had the ability to form disease complex with other plant pathogens. The giant cell produced by root-knot nematode was highly suitable f or development of Fusarium wilt ( Porter and Powell, 1967). 2.4 Root lesion, Pratylenchus spp. 2.4.1 Distribution Pratylenchus spp. is migratory endoparasites root-lesion nematodes. This genus was just slightly less economic important compare with Meloidogyne spp. in the tropical and subtropical regions. However, some species from this genus were responsible for significant yield loss in some tobacco cultivation area. Pratylenchus pratensis, P.negletus, P.brachyurus and P.zae have been reported to parasitized tobacco in North America while in South Africa P.hexincisus, P.thornei, P.vulnus, P.brachyurus, P.minyus, and P.zae have recorded on tobacco (Milne, 1961; Honey, 1967). In Hungary, P.pratensis had been reported to parasitize tobacco cultivation. Pratylenchus penetrans was responsible to cause yield loss in Iraq. In some region in Canada, P.penetrans, P.crenatus, and P.neglectus were mostly found in tobacco fields (Mountain, 1954; Kimpinski et. al., 1976). Canter-Vissher (1969) had found Pratylenchus penetrans in New Zealand while Singh (1974) has found Pratylenchus zae in Trinidad. In gener al Pratylenchus brachyurus and P.zae are mostly found in tropical areas while P.penetrans, P.thornei, and P.minyus are common species in temperate regions (Webster, 1972). In Malaysia, this Pratylenchus sp. was locally important. However their distribution were not clearly report (Luc, Sikora et al. 2005). 2.4.2 General morphology In general the morphology of species in this genus was very similar. There was no marked sexually dimorphism in form of anterior region. Adults have body length range from 0.3 to 0.9 mm. Their body was rather stout. Because increasing of uterus volume and the presence of eggs, the gravid females were stouter than nongravid ones. The cuticle of this genus generally thin and shows fine transverse striation. There were four longitudal lines marking the lateral field. However, additional longitudal line may be present in the central zone. Because of cuticle of gravid female were quite stretch, the lateral field was indistinct. The head of this genus was low and flattened with lip region divided into two,three, or four annules. This annules was continuous with the body countour. Cephalic framework of Pratylenchus sp. was heavily sclerotized. The apical anule among most species were round except for P.brachyurus which was angular. There were three types of head structure that can be found under SEM (Corbett and Clark, 1983). The stylet of Pratylenchus sp. were quite short around 11-25 ÂÂ µm. The stylet was stout with well-developed basal knobs. There was tapering procorpus in the pharynx which was usually roundish median bulb. The isthmus was short which overlapped with the anterior end of the mid-intestine on the ventral side. There were three unicellular glands in the lobe. The length of the ventrosublateral was unequal (Seinhorst, 1971). At 2-4 ÂÂ µm behind the stylet base, there was orifice of the dorsal pharyngeal gland duct. There was no deirids in this genus. The oesophagus of both male and female was equally developed. The tail of male was short and dorsally convex-conoid. Female of Pratylenchus spp. are monoprodelph. The genital branch of most species in this genus occurred as a short sac which usually undifferentiated. The uterus of female often tricolumellar (Nickle, 1991). Different with male, female tail usually two to three anal body diameter long. The bisexual species in this genus, have oval or round spermatheca which was filled with sperm (Luc, Sikora et al. 2005). 2.4.3 Life cycle Some species in this genus reproduced sexually while most of them parthenogenetic. This migratory endoparasitic root lesion nematode fed and laid eggs in the root cortex. Most of them can be found in roots, rhizomes, or tubers and somehow can also be found in stem or fruits. Usually after penetrate the root; this endoparasitic nematode will multiply to very large numbers (10,000-35,000 specimens per 10 g of root). All the stage starting from second stage juvenile entered the root. However with unknown reason, they moved in the soil for some time and goes for a new host root. The female laid the eggs in the root and starting from there their whole life cycle is in that root. Usually, the life cycle was completed in 50-60 days (Nickle, 1991). 2.4.4 Effect of Pratylenchus sp. on Tobacco plant Pratylenchus sp. usually moved and fed on the root cortex. This activity caused disintegration of root cortex and leading to browning of the root tissue. This was known as brown root rot (Mountain, 1954). Symptoms of this disease were pruning-root, water soaked, and lesion on the root. If the infection occurred under aseptic conditions the symptoms showed less severe in the certain experimental condition (Mountain, 1954). The above ground symptoms showed that the stunted plant wilt prematurely and in worse condition died. Inagaki and Powell (1969) reported that this genus caused disease complex with the other plant pathogens. Pratylenchus.brachyurus showed to increase infection of Blackshank by wounding the root which served as entry site. 3.0 Material and method: 3.1 Soil sample: 24 soil samples were collected from Terengganu, Perlis and Kelantan state. Collected soil sample were naturally infested with nematodes and Fusarium spp. Soil samples were store in polyethylene bags. Soil sample were kept in moist condition and out of direct sunlight. 3.2 Tobacco seedling preparation: Sterilized seeds were sown to sterile sandy soil. (River sand). After sown, seedlings were kept out of direct sunlight. Fertilizer applied for twice a week via foliar application. After 30 days of nursery tobacco seedlings were transferred to each soil. 3.3 Inoculation of tobacco seedlings: 6 kg of soil samples (naturally infested) were transferred into plastic container (33x22x10 cm) with drains. Then, 30 days of healthy Tobacco seedlings were transferred to each soil container. Each soil samples were planted with 10 Tobacco seedlings. Fertilizer was applied twice a week via foliar application. Ground symptoms were observed everyday. Tobacco plants were all harvested after 6 weeks. 3.4 Plant observation: Harvested Tobacco plants were observed for the disease symptoms, size of the plant, number of leaf, leaf area, plant weight and disease severity index. Wet weight of Tobacco was measured by using a weigher. Plant size was determined by using ruler. Size of the plant was measured from crown up until shoots. Number of leaf was counted including the number of undeveloped leaf. Root gall disease severity index was determined by using following scale: 0= no root galls 1= 1-25% root galls 2= 26-50% root galls 3= 51-75% root galls 4= 75-100% root galls Disease severity index for root lesion was determined by using following index: 0= no root lesion 1= 1-25% root lesions 2= 26-50% root lesions 3= 51-75% root lesions 4= 75-100% root lesions Root then was stored in the FAA (Formaldehyde 100ml, Glacial acetic acid 50ml, Distilled water 850ml) suspension. 3.5 Isolation of nematode from soil samples: Isolation of nematode and soil inhabiting forms were extracted from soil samples by using Modified Baerman Funnel Technique (Hooper,1968; Viglierchio and Schmitt,1983).This was the simplest technique to isolate nematode and soil inhabiting forms. By using this technique we can avoid lack of oxygen and possibility of nematode lodging on the sloping funnel sides due to instead of using funnel we used a shallow dish. For this experiment instead of funnel a round shallow plastic container was used. A supporting gauze was put onto the plastic container with 0.5cm space between them. A milk filter paper with 50cc soil was put on the supporting gauze. Distilled water was added until the material was almost awash. After 5 days, the content of the dish was transfer into test tube. FAA was added to prevent population changes during storage. 3.6 Nematode counting: Nematode suspension collected via Modified Baerman Funnel was shaked. Then, 1ml was taken and transfer onto disposable plastic Petri dish. The number of all nematodes and parasitic nematodes were counted under a dissecting microscope by 5x to 10x magnification. Counting was repeated for three times. Percentage of parasitic nematodes was calculated. 3.7 Isolation of nematode from root: Nematode from root part was isolated by direct isolation. For root-knot nematodes especially female, the root tissue was carefully tease away with forceps and a fine needle to release the head and neck. Infected plant part was put onto slide and squash to check for the existence of nematode. The nematode then was stain with Phyloxine 1%. 3.8 Isolation of Fusarium spp. The root part was washed with running tap water to eliminate remaining soil particle. Then, the root was cut including healthy part (0.5cm). After that, the pieces of root were dipped in 70% ethanol for 1 minute. Then, the pieces were transferred into 5% sodium Hypochlorite solution to sterilize its surface for 3 to 5 minutes. The pieces then were transferred to sterilized distill water to rinse the pieces for 3 times each for 1 minute. After that, the plant pieces was put on sterile filter paper to eliminate excess water and then, were put on the acidified water agar medium. Finally, the dishes were sealed with parafilm and were incubated for a few days. Growing colonies were observed. 3.9 Soil pH: The soil pH was determined using a soil suspension (Rowell, 1994). 10 ÂÂ ± 0.1 gram of air dry soil sample was used in this experiment. 25 ml of water was added to the soil sample. Then, soil suspension was shacked occasionally by hand over 15 minutes period. The pH meter was calibrated at pH 4 and then pH 7 consistent reading. The soil suspensions were stirred and insert the electrodes. The pH was recorded after 30 second. 3.10 Soil moisture percentage: The water content of soils was determined by drying soil samples at 105 ÃÅ'Ã…  c (Rowell, 1994). For this experiment, soil samples were air dry for two days. Then, weight air dry soil samples for 10ÂÂ ±0.1 gram (W1). Instead of using a moisture can, aluminums foil was used. The aluminum foil was weighed (Wo). Then, weighed soil samples were put on the aluminum foil and placed them in an oven at 105 ÃÅ'Ã…  C for 24 hour. The weigh of soil sample with aluminum foil was weighed (W2). To calculate the weight of soil samples after oven dry the following formulae was applied: Weight oven dry soil (W3) = (W1+Wo)-W2 To calculate moisture percentage of soil samples, the following formulae was use: Moisture percentage (%) = W3/ (W2-Wo) x 100 3.11 Soil particle density: Determination of soil particle density involves the measurement of the volume of a known mass of particles. The soil is dispersed in water and all the air is expelled from the suspension. In a known volume of suspension the volume occupied by the particles is then found (Rowell, 1994). A clean and dry 50ml volumetric flask including stopper was weigh (Wo). Ten grams of oven dry soil samples were added into the volumetric flask. The volumetric flask was filled with distilled water until one-half full. The volumetric flask (without stopper) then was put in boiling water heating with a water bath for 30 minutes and gently agitated the content to prevent loss of soil by foaming. The volumetric flask and its content then cooled to room temperature. Distilled water was added up to the 50 ml mark. Water drop on the outer-side of the volumetric flask was wiped, insert the stopper and weighed (W2). The soil particle density was determined by using the following formulae: Soil particle density (Dp) = Soil mass/Particle volume Particle volume = Conical flask volume volume of water in flask Volume of water in flask = mass of suspension -mass of soil Mass of suspension = W2-W0 3.12 Soil texture analysis: Texture of soil samples were determined by using Hydrometer method (Bouyoucos, 1962; Page, 1982). Then, texture of soil samples determined by referring to USDA Textural triangle after calculation of the percentage of each particle (Brady, 1984). For this experiment, 50g of soil samples were placed into 600 ml beaker. Then, 100 ml of 6% hydrogen peroxide was added to decompose the organic matter. The mixture was kept remaining at room temperature overnight. After that, the beaker was placed on a hot plate at 90 ÃÅ'Ã…   C for 10 minutes. Then, 50ml of 1N Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (dispersing agent) was added to the suspension and increase the volume to 400 ml with distilled water. The suspension was left for 20 minutes. Then, beaker was placed on a stirrer and stirred thoroughly for 10 minutes. The suspension was transferred to 1000 ml measuring cylinder. Then, distilled water was added to 1000 ml mark. Suspension was allowed to equilibrate thermally and the temperature was recorded. Mo uth of the measuring cylinder was covered with a parafilm and inverted for several times until the contents are thoroughly mixed. Mixture was left in a cool, shaded place. Then, the hydrometer was immediately into the suspension and reading was taken after 40 seconds until consistent reading. Hydrometer was removed and cleaned. The temperature of the suspension was recorded with thermometer. The thermometer was removed and remixes the suspension. Then, let the cylinder sit for 2 hours. At exactly 2 hours later, the hydrometer was again placed into the suspension and data was read. The temperature of the suspension was also seconded with thermometer. The actual reading must be corrected in order to get revised value depending upon the actual temperature. a. Add 0.36 g/L to hydrometer reading for each degree >20 ÃÅ'Ã…  C b. Subtract 0.36 g/L from hydrometer reading for each c. Density reading should also be corrected from the density of the dispensing solution (NaOH+ distilled water) without soil. These reading are must be subtract with the soil solution density reading. Finally, after calculating the percentage of each particle, use the USDA Textural triangle to determine the textural class of soil samples. Readings from specific gravity hydrometer was converted to soil g/l by using converting table (http://classic.globe.gov/fsl/html/templ.cgi?conversionlang=ar). Table 3.1 Hydrometer converting table Specific Gravity Grams Soil/L Specific Gravity Grams Soil/L Specific Gravity Grams Soil/L 1.0024 0.0 1.0136 18.0 1.0247